46 Ben Doherty, ‘NZYQ Cohort Could Face “Potentially Hostile” Reception on Nauru, Government Warns’ The Guardian (online, 3 September 2025) <https:// www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2025/sep/03/nzyq-cohort-potentiallyhostile-reception-nauru>. 47 Michelle Foster, Jane McAdam and Davina Wadley (n 23) 505, n 6. 48 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Mapping Statelessness in the United Kingdom (n 7). 49 Please note that the statistics for the 2025-2026 financial year were not yet available at the time of completing this Report. 50 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017 (Report, 2018) 64 <https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3966219?v=pdf>. 51 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2018 (Report, 2019) 65 <https://www.unhcr.org/media/unhcr-globaltrends-2018>. 52 See, for example: Department of Home Affairs, Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary (See the monthly reports of 2017 and 2018) <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-statistics/statistics/visastatistics/live/immigration-detention#content-index-9>. 53 For immigration detention statistics, see Department of Home Affairs, Immigration Detention and Community Statistics Summary (Report, 31 December 2017) 8 <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/ files/immigration-detention-statistics-31-december-17.pdf>; for IMA legacy caseload numbers (2,221) see Department of Home Affairs, IMA Legacy Caseload Report on the Processing Status and Outcomes (Report, 31 December 2017) 4 <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/ ima-legacy-caseload-december-2017.pdf>; for ‘Illegal Maritime Arrivals on BE’ see Illegal maritime arrivals on Bridging E visa (Report, 31 December 2017) <https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/illegal-maritimearrivals-bve-dec-2017.pdf>. The national figure of 2,294 is derived from NSW (999), Queensland (161), SA (106), Victoria (1002) and WA (26). 54 The Migration Program includes the ‘Skill’ stream, ‘Family’ stream, ‘Child’ visa stream and ‘Special Eligibility’ stream. See Department of Immigration and Border Protection, 2016–17 Migration Programme Report (Report, 30 June 2017) < https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-onmigration-program-2016-17.pdf> and Department of Home Affairs, 2017–18 Migration Program Report (Report, 30 June 2018) <https://www.homeaffairs. gov.au/research-and-stats/files/report-migration-program-2017-18.pdf>. 55 UN High Commissioner for Refugees, ‘Forced Displacement in 2025’, UNHCR Refugee Statistics (Web Page, 2025) annex table 4 <https://www.unhcr. org/refugee-statistics/insights/annexes/trends-annexes.html?situation=4>. 59 The Department of Home Affairs have noted in senate estimate questions on notice answers that ‘Where citizenship is recorded in departmental systems as ‘stateless’, this includes detainees whose claimed statelessness was self-identified and later not accepted by the Department of Home Affairs. See Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Supplementary Estimates October 2025: Home Affairs Portfolio, Department of Home Affairs, Program 2.3: Refugee Humanitarian, Settlement and Migrant Services — SE250379 Detention/Offshore – Stateless persons not currently engaged in processes (Parliament of Australia, October 2025). 60 This includes: 030 Bridging C (<5)070 Bridging R (5); and 010 Bridging A (<5). 61 See: Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Supplementary Estimates 29 February 2024. The question ‘How many stateless persons are currently in Australia on a visa?’ was also answered with visa subclass breakdowns on 31 October 2023, 31 May 2023, 28 February 2023, 31 January 2022, 31 October 2022, 31 October 2021 and 31 May 2021. 62 Ibid. 63 Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Supplementary Estimates October 2025: Home Affairs Portfolio, Department of Home Affairs, Program 2.2: Visas — SE250462 Stateless persons – stateless persons currently in Australia who are under 18 (Parliament of Australia, October 2025). 64 Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Supplementary Estimates October 2025: Home Affairs Portfolio, Department of Home Affairs, Program 3.5: Onshore Compliance and Detention — SE250464 Stateless persons – stateless persons currently in held detention (Parliament of Australia, October 2025). 65 Senate Standing Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs, Supplementary Estimates October 2025: Home Affairs Portfolio, Department of Home Affairs, Program 2.3: Refugee Humanitarian, Settlement and Migrant Services — SE250379 Detention/Offshore – Stateless persons not currently engaged in processes (Parliament of Australia, October 2025). 66 Migration Act 1958 (Cth) s 5(1) (definition of ‘immigration detention’ sub-paragraph (b)(v)). 67 Commonwealth Ombudsman and Australian Human Rights Commission, ‘Joint Statement on the Use of Hotels as Alternative Places of Detention’, Australian Human Rights Commissions (Web Page) <https://humanrights.gov. au/__data/assets/file/0027/46782/Joint_statement_on_hotel_apods.pdf>. 68 Information obtained by the researchers in a response to a Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Cth) application (copy on hand with the researchers). 56 Ibid. See also: UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2024 (Report, 2024) <https://www.unhcr.org/global-trendsreport-2024>; UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2023 (Report, 2023) <https://www.unhcr.org/global-trendsreport-2023>; UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022 (Report, 2022) <https://www.unhcr.org/global-trendsreport-2022>. 69 This theme focuses particularly on services and government perspectives. Lived experience perspectives are included with reference to self-identity and the fact that data collection about stateless persons is predominantly driven by self-identification as stateless (in absence of an SDP). 57 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (n 55) annex table 4. 72 TVVT v Minister for Home Affairs (Migration) [2019] AATA 824; Jokic v Minister For Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2020] AATA 279, [11]; Cynq v Minister For Immigration, Citizenship, Migrant Services and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2020] AATA 545, [166]; LRMM v Minister for Immigration, Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs (Migration) [2022] AATA 2731, [117]. 58 For example, one Australian Legal Practitioner interviewed for this research identified that information about de facto stateless persons is not captured in Australian government statistics, particularly those in immigration detention, which is only established on an individual basis through litigation. 70 2206200 (Refugee) [2023] AATA 3557 (26 October 2023), [76]. 71 See for example: Asaad v Minister for Home Affairs [2019] FCA 921 [66]. Understanding Statelessness in Australia | Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness 101