+LJK&RXUWGLGOD\GRZQJXLGHOLQHVIRUUHIHUUDOVWR
WKHWULEXQDOVWKHUHLVJURZLQJHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHVH
JXLGHOLQHVDUHUDUHO\IROORZHGLQSUDFWLFH7KHODZ
UHTXLUHV SURSHU SROLFH HQTXLULHV EHIRUH QRWLFHV
DUHLVVXHG%XWVXFKHQTXLULHVDUHWDUG\DQGRIWHQ
QRQH[LVWHQW7KH)7VRUGLQDULO\GRQRWPDNHHQTXLU\UHSRUWVDYDLODEOHWRWKHLQGLYLGXDOVPDNLQJWKHLU
EXUGHQRISURRIGL൶FXOWWRPHHW8QGHUWKH7ULEXQDOV2UGHUWKDWFRQVWLWXWHVWKH)7VWKHWULEXQDOVDUH
IUHH WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU RZQ SURFHGXUHV (YLGHQFH
VXJJHVWVWKDWWKH)7VKDYHRSHUDWHGZLWKDUELWUDU\
SURFHGXUHVRIWHQQHJOHFWLQJVWDQGDUGUXOHVRIHYLGHQFHDWWKHFRVWRIGXHSURFHVV $PQHVW\
7KH *DXKDWL +LJK &RXUW KDV WDNHQ FRJQL]DQFH RI
EDGUHDVRQLQJLQLQGLYLGXDO)7RUGHUVIURPZKLFK
ZULW DSSHDOV KDYH EHHQ ¿OHG %XW LW LV QRW FOHDU LI
WKH &RXUW KDV WDNHQ D GHVLUDEO\ VWULFW YLHZ RI WKH
GXHSURFHVVYLRODWLRQVWKDWDUHRIWHQVHHQDWWKH)7
OHYHO
7KH 6XSUHPH &RXUW¶V LQWHUYHQWLRQV LQ GHDOLQJ
ZLWK15&KDYHDOVREHHQIUDXJKWZLWKSURFHGXUDO
LUUHJXODULWLHV7KLVLVPRVWFOHDUO\WKHFDVHZLWKWKH
&RXUW¶V RUGHU WKDW LQLWLDWHG WKH 15& XSGDWH 7KH
&RXUW LQLWLDWHG WKH 15& XSGDWH LQ HDUQHVW RQ
'HFHPEHUWKURXJKDQRUGHULQWKHFDVHRIAssam Sanmilita Mahasangha v. Union of India7KH
0DKDVDQJKDKDGFKDOOHQJHG6HFWLRQ$RIWKH&LWL]HQVKLS$FW ,QLWVSHWLWLRQWKH0DKDVDQJKD
DUJXHGWKDWWKHSURYLVLRQYLRODWHGWKHULJKWWROLIHRI
WKHFLWL]HQVLQWKH6WDWHE\HQFRXUDJLQJWKHµPDVVLYHLQÀX[RILOOHJDOPLJUDQWV¶IURP%DQJODGHVK,W
DOVR DUJXHG WKDW WKH GLVWLQFW UHJLPH FRPSURPLVHG
WKHLUULJKWWRFXOWXUHDVJXDUDQWHHGE\WKH&RQVWLWXWLRQ$EHQFK²FRQVLVWLQJRI-XVWLFH5DQMDQ*RJRL
DQG-XVWLFH5)1DULPDQ²UHFRPPHQGHGWKDWWKH
LVVXHEHUHIHUUHGWRDODUJHUFRQVWLWXWLRQDOEHQFKIRU
¿QDO GHWHUPLQDWLRQ ,Q GRLQJ VR WKH EHQFK UDLVHG
DVHULRXVTXHVWLRQRQWKHFRQVWLWXWLRQDOYDOLGLW\RI
6HFWLRQ$
%XWLQWKHVDPHRUGHUWKHEHQFKDOVRGHFLGHG
WR FRPPHQFH VXSHUYLVLQJ WKH 15& XSGDWH RQ D
FRXUWGHWHUPLQHG FDOHQGDU EDVHG SUHFLVHO\ RQ WKH
UHTXLUHPHQWVXQGHU6HFWLRQ$7KH6XSUHPH&RXUW
LQLWLDWHG RQH RI WKH PRVW DPELWLRXV MXGLFLDU\OHG
EXUHDXFUDWLFH[HUFLVHVLQWKHKLVWRU\RIWKHFRXQWU\
RQWKHEDVLVRIWKHUXOHVZKRVHOHJDOYDOLGLW\LWLV\HW
WRGHWHUPLQH7KLVZDVDQXQFRPIRUWDEOHSDUDGR[
DWWKHYHU\IRXQGDWLRQRIWKHFRXUWOHG15&XSGDWH
7KH&RXUWUHOLHGSUHFLVHO\RQWKHSDUDQRLDRILOOHJDO
LPPLJUDWLRQ WKDW ZDV WKH EDVLV RI WKH 6DUDEQDQGD
6RQRZDO MXGJPHQW ,W DOVR JUDYHO\ VXEVWLWXWHG WKH
H[HFXWLYHLQWDNLQJXSWKHUROHRIDGPLQLVWHULQJDQG
VXSHUYLVLQJWKH15&XSGDWH7KHLQVWLWXWLRQDOFRQVHTXHQFHRIWKLVZDVWKDWLWVHYHUHO\ZHDNHQHGDQ\
PHFKDQLVPRIDFFRXQWDELOLW\6LQFHWKH&RXUWZDV
DFWLQJDVWKHH[HFXWLYHLWFRPSOHWHO\UHPRYHGWKH
SRVVLELOLW\RIMXGLFLDOUHYLHZ
6LQFH WKH LQLWLDWLRQ WKH 6XSUHPH &RXUW OHIW
DQRWKHU FUXFLDO TXHVWLRQ XQDQVZHUHG 7KH RULJLQDO&LWL]HQVKLS$FWRI DGRSWHGWKHjus soli or
ELUWKULJKWFLWL]HQVKLSSULQFLSOHE\H[WHQGLQJWRDOO
SHUVRQVERUQLQ,QGLDWKHTXDOL¿FDWLRQWREH,QGLDQ
FLWL]HQV6XEVHTXHQWDPHQGPHQWVWRWKHOHJLVODWLRQ
diluted this jus soli SULQFLSOH EXW SDUWO\ UHWDLQHG
LW7KHFXUUHQWSRVLWLRQRIODZLVWKDWDQ\RQHERUQ
LQ,QGLDEHIRUH-XO\ ZRXOGEHDFLWL]HQE\
ELUWK$Q\RQHERUQEHWZHHQ-XO\ DQGEHIRUH
'HFHPEHU ZRXOG QHHG DW OHDVW RQH ,QGLDQ
SDUHQWWREHDFLWL]HQE\ELUWK$QGIRUDQ\RQHERUQ
DIWHU 'HFHPEHU WR TXDOLI\ DV D FLWL]HQ E\
ELUWK QHLWKHU RI WKH SDUHQWV VKRXOG EH DQ µLOOHJDO
PLJUDQW¶,Q 3UDWHHN+DMHODWKHFRRUGLQDWRU
RIWKH15&DVVHUWHGEHIRUHWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWWKDW
WKHVHUXOHVZHUHLQDSSOLFDEOHLQ$VVDP$FFRUGLQJ
WRKLPHYHQLIDSHUVRQZDVERUQLQ$VVDPEHIRUH
-XO\ VKHPXVWEHH[FOXGHGIURPWKH15&LI
DQ\ RI KHU SDUHQWV ZDV D VXVSHFW IRUHLJQHU RU GHFODUHGWREHDIRUHLJQHUE\WKH)77KLVSRVLWLRQZDV
FRPSOHWHO\FRQWUDU\WRWKH&LWL]HQVKLS$FWDQGZDV
H[SHFWHG WR OHDYH RXW LQQXPHUDEOH SHUVRQV IURP
WKH15&'HVSLWHWKLVWKH6XSUHPH&RXUWOHIWWKLV
TXHVWLRQ KDQJLQJ DQG LQVWHDG UXOHG WKDW LW ZRXOG
DGGUHVV LW²DIWHU WKH FRPSOHWLRQ RI WKH 15& SURFHVV²LQ D VHSDUDWH MXGJPHQW ,Q GRLQJ WKLV WKH
&RXUW OHIW LQQXPHUDEOH SHUVRQV LQ D VWDWH RI XWWHU
XQFHUWDLQW\DQGÀX[
7KH &RXUW FRQWLQXHG WR VXSHUYLVH WKH 15&
WKURXJKPHDQVWKDWDOVRFRPSURPLVHGWKHDFFHSWHG
OHJDOVWDQGDUGVRIWUDQVSDUHQF\7KHPRVWSURIRXQG
H[DPSOHRIWKLVLVWKHFRQVLVWHQWXVHRIµVHDOHGHQYHORSHV¶E\WKHMXGJHVWRDSSUHFLDWHHYLGHQFH)RU
H[DPSOHLQODWHDEHQFKKHDGHGE\WKHWKHQ
Indian Exclusion Report
|
196
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3718512