Interviews with direct victims and stateless persons in Bahrain and exile. The report time frame extends over the period from 2012 until 2024. This report is also based on official documents and reports from the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, the UNHCR Refugee Agency, the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI), the European Network on Statelessness, and Bahraini Human Rights Groups such as Salam for Democracy and Human Rights and Bahrain Center For Human Rights. 1.3 Literature Review Many scholars have raised the dilemma of statelessness in the last 80 years since the displacement of the Palestinians in 1948 and the Jewish persecution in Nazi Germany. It has also been mentioned in much literature about statelessness in the Bahamas, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Westerh Saahara, and many other countries. Belton, K. A. has raised the topic of the paradox of belonging by mentioning statelessness in the Caribbean and demonstrating the impact of the deprivation of nationality on an individual’s rights and belonging to society. 6 German American philosopher Hannah Arendt (1906–1975) identified the Right to Nationality as the right to have rights. 7 The literature on statelessness and identity or belonging in Bahrain was only raised by Bahraini scholar Dr. Ali Aldairi, who wrote a book in Arabic called “Without Identity. “The book reviews a conversation between Al-Dairy and his 13-year-old daughter, Amaseel, in answer to her concerns regarding the significance and reasons for losing his nationality. Aldairy described how losing his nationality felt like being ripped away from his homeland, leaving him with an existential, bleak emptiness. Aldairay explained that he belonged to Bahrain by mentioning his grandmother, and he felt that her blood was circulating in his blood. Aldairy concluded that he is from Bahrain and cannot be removed or replaced. 8 6 Belton, K. A. (2017). Statelessness in the Caribbean: The paradox of belonging in a postnational world. University of Pennsylvania Press. 7 Cotter, B. (2005). Hannah Arendt and “the Right to have Rights”. In Hannah Arendt and International Relations: Readings across the Lines (pp. 95112-). New York: Palgrave Macmillan US. 8 Stateless: Stripping of Nationality Explained to Amaseel. (2017). DR Ali Aldairy. stateless-english-final.pdf/05/https://www.anabahraini.org/wp-content/uploads/2020 3