expenses and to paying back 2,000 JD borrowed from relatives and neighbours to cover the father’s medical treatment a year earlier. Medical services, CBOs and NGOs In addition to UNRWA’s activities in Jerash camp, private actors, CBOs, and NGOs offer a range of services and activities. Yet, compared to employment outside the camp, salaries or incomes are often lower. For example, although ex-Gazans can obtain temporary practicing licences and are permitted to open general practitioner surgeries inside camps to serve its population and neighbouring areas, one interviewee reported that without a permanent practicing license, he could not receive payments from insurance companies and so he could not take on any patients with health insurance. Furthermore, he explained, ‘at the syndicate, they set the maximum and minimum fees. We charge less than the minimum fees they set. This is because the living conditions in the camp are tough’ 111. ‘Volunteering’ in community-based organisations and NGO centres (often for a small stipend) offers women a family-friendly and socially acceptable workplace and is therefore sometimes preferred despite low ‘salaries’. A cashier at a CBO centre, for example, compared her volunteer work to that in factories in the Industrial Estates 112: In every workplace, there are pros and cons. Even here at the centre, there are pros and cons. Here my salary is 120 JD, working as a cashier. I manage the revenue, deposit money in the bank, calculate cash, handle the salaries, handle the running costs of the centre. […] [But] I am not required to work every day. I usually come to the centre though, but I am not required to come every day. At any time, if I do not have work to do, I do not have to come the centre. But in al-Hassan [industrial] city, I would have to go to work every day113. Another young woman, with a bachelor’s degree, had been offered two different jobs outside of Jerash. The first, a teaching job in Amman, she declined because — according to her father — ‘the salary [was] not enough, you would spend it all on transport’. The second — by local standards a well-paid job of 600 JD per month — required travel further away in Jordan with overnight stays and was thus perceived as socially unacceptable. After 3 years without finding work, including a year working for free and a second year working for 10 JD per month in a CBO, she started giving private lessons to students at a centre, which provides services for people with disabilities in Jerash camp. With students paying 5 JD per month and the centre taking a percentage, she was left with 20 JD by the end of the month. Then she started working in a community kindergarten: I was paid 65 JD a month [...] because [the kindergarten …] works on the grounds that you are doing this work as a volunteer. [...] There is [a contract]; it is called a ‘volunteering agreement’ (itifaqiyyet tatawu’), and they pay you 60 JD a month. I worked at the kindergarten for 3 years. […] During that period, I got a scholarship for a diploma in human resources management. I continued as a volunteer, and I went [to classes] after my work at the kindergarten. […] I applied for the job [as a kindergarten manager] […] and they accepted me, so I became the youngest manager here. I receive 130 JD; a manager, [and] only 130 JD. Of course without social security or anything. [...] It is a volunteer contract, even though you are a manager. Male, age 36, Jerash camp, 15 February 2016. Industrial Estates, formerly Qualified Industrial Zones, are industrial parks where factories produce exclusively for the US market and benefit from low income tax and no export tax. Originally tied to the 1994 Jordanian-Israeli peace agreement, the Industrial Estates are now regulated by the Jordan-US Free Trade Agreement (Lenner and Turner, 2019, p. 73, footnoe 32). 113 Female, age 39, Jerash camp, 19 January 2016. 111 112 ‘Just getting by’ Ex-Gazans in Jerash and other refugee camps in Jordan 93