ETHNIC AND RACIAL STUDIES 59 the enforcement of the process and the broader institution of citizenship itself. While the overlaying of national and global security considerations onto racialized politics of exclusion has served to blur and obscure the dynamics of state racism in play, the accounts of individuals we have interviewed here showcase the continuities, connections and advancements of the racialized dimensions of citizenship exclusion. The reliance on authoritarian practices of government, racial profiling and pathologization of individuals marked as suspect illuminate how frames and techniques of exclusion that disproportionately target racially undesired subjects are being reconfigured. Rather than representing a stark return to medieval practices of banishment (Macklin 2014), citizenship deprivation is easily contextualized within the modern European colonial project and the entrenched racially coded logics deeply ingrained within the practices of citizenship making which have institutionalized distinctions between who is recognized and who is not (Bhambra 2015). That the weight of citizenship deprivation since 2002 has largely been felt by Muslims is pertinent in this regard (Ross 2014). Thus any shifts in legislating citizenship ought to be read not simply in abstract legal human rights terms or solely in relation to previous codes of citizenship deprivation, but with a deeper critical engagement that considers how these measures sit in relation to the broader trajectory of formal constructions (and exclusions) of citizenship and nationality. The advancement of measures to suspend and deprive citizenship say as much about the nature of the state, in terms of its enactment of racial governmentalities, as it does about the condition of citizenship and its tentative nature. The reliance on executive power, the pre-emptive nature of criminalization, and the disregard for judicial scrutiny or oversight illuminate some of the dimensions of the racial state in its contemporary form and operation. At the same time, the meaning of citizenship is altered. In earlier periods the politics of multicultural representation and struggles for “belonging” was complicated by the successful state estrangement between the institutions of “immigration” and “citizenship”. If the interventions relating to post/colonial migrations in the latter half of the twentieth century could more easily point to the arbitrary nature of divisions between who constituted an “immigrant” and who, in legal terms at least, a “citizen” (Sivanandan 1981), the changing nature of empire and related global migrations in more recent times facilitated a conceptual disconnect. The disciplinary practices involved in the “deportation turn” (Gibney 2008) alongside the prolific rise in the detention of asylum seekers, for example, have not always been connected to the broader governmentalities of citizenship and its internal exclusions. A central part of the domestic War against Terror, however, has been to reinvigorate and starkly illuminate these connections, to create a more fluid spectrum via which citizenship can be both gained and lost. The conditional nature of citizenship that is invoked when it is presented as something to be “earned” by newcomers