• Bureaucracy: How quickly competent authorities reach decisions to determine nationality when it is contested. • Review: The relative strength of judicial oversight of citizenship determination processes. Marc Morjé Howard’s Citizenship Policy Index6 constitutes the second methodological model. This index examines citizenship policies in Europe across three factors, two of which the current study used: whether or not the country grants nationality through jus soli provisions either automatically or through declaration, and residency requirements (e.g., minimum length of stay) for naturalization. These were used when analyzing existing case law in the focal countries. The third model uses the report No Child Should Be Stateless by the European Network on Statelessness.7 The research template and questionnaires that the report’s authors8 developed to gather information for the European country profiles served as a guide to draft the questionnaires for this study, particularly questions designed to assess each country’s practical and administrative barriers to accessing the right to nationality. Finally, Bronwen Manby’s book Struggles for Citizenship in Africa9 served as an inspiration for the themes and issues addressed during the research activities of this study as well as in the drafting of the final report. While Manby covered a larger number of countries, most of which have citizenship regimes dominated by jus sanguinis, her book nonetheless provides a model for case studies of the practice of statelessness and citizenship discrimination in specific countries. Research Methods The existing literature and data on nationality frameworks is based on methodologies that measure how flexible or restrictive legal provisions are, but fail to examine the implementation of those provisions. Only n a few cases, particularly with regard to naturalization procedures or birth registration, do extant studies examine certain aspects of the implementation of these norms. Currently there is no methodology strictly focused on assessing the implementation of nationality laws. The current study’s research methods are intended to illuminate patterns of state practice. Most research methods used for this report were aimed at obtaining qualitative data; however, quantitative data were also requested from the authorities in order to determine whether and how states were monitoring issues related to nationality, statelessness, documentation of identity, and populations of concern. Some of the methodologies described below have been used to analyze nationality legal frameworks in Europe and Africa; these served as guidelines for the themes this study’s interviews and questionnaires should address. BORN IN THE AMERICAS 11