9. During the second cycle, Latvia received 14 relevant recommendations in total. Two recommendations from the Russian Federation,13 a recommendation from Ireland,14 Ecuador, 15 Spain, 16 Brazil, 17 Germany, 18 Kyrgyzstan 19 and the USA 20 regarding the rights of non-citizens, granting of citizenship to children of non-citizens, and naturalisation of non-citizens; a recommendation from Kenya regarding bringing nationality legislation into compliance with the 1961 Statelessness Convention and 1989 Convention on the Rights of the Child; and a recommendation from Mexico 21 regarding birth registration, all of which it accepted. 10. It also received three recommendations from Belarus, 22 Australia 23 and Bulgaria 24 regarding non-citizens, which it partially accepted. 11. Latvia has responded to some of these recommendations and amendments have been made to the domestic legal framework. For example, some measures have been taken to amend procedures for naturalisation and the acquisition of Latvian nationality (see para. 29). This submission sets out remaining issues and makes recommendations for further action to address statelessness in Latvia and protect the right to nationality in line with international human rights standards. Latvia’s International Obligations 12. Latvia acceded to the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (1954 Convention) in 199925 and it has direct effect, but it retains reservations to Articles 24.1(b) (social security for stateless persons lawfully in the country) and 27 (issuing identity papers to stateless persons). Latvia also acceded to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961 Convention) in 199226 with no reservations. It has signed, but not yet acceded to, the European Convention on Nationality27 and it is not party to the European Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession. 13. Latvia also has international obligations to protect the right to a nationality and the rights of stateless persons under other UN and regional treaties to which it is a party. These include, among others the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR - see Article 24.3) 28 , the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR - see Articles 2.2 and 3), the Convention of the Rights of the Child29 (CRC - see Articles 2, 3, 7 and 8), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms 13 A/HRC/32/15/Add.1, Addendum to the Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review on Latvia, 2nd cycle, 14 April 2016, Recommendation 120.77. 14 Ibid., Recommendation 120.78. 15 Ibid., Recommendation 120.38. 16 Ibid., Recommendation 120.79. 17 Ibid., Recommendation 120.82. 18 Ibid., Recommendation 120.84. 19 Ibid., Recommendation 118.55. 20 Ibid., Recommendation 118.56. 21 Ibid., Recommendation 118.61. 22 Ibid., Recommendation 120.80. 23 Ibid., Recommendation 120.83. 24 Ibid., Recommendation 120.85. 25 Accession on 05/11/1999. 26 Accession on 14/04/1992. 27 Signature on 30/05/2001. 28 Accession on 14/04/1992. 29 Accession on 14/04/1992. 3