Regional Overview Regional Overview Table 3 Country Domestic legal framework for digital ID across Asia-Pacific Country Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) Statute details (if any) Other laws governing digital ID Available grievance mechanism Statute for Digital ID system (yes/no) ✅ China Digital Code of Laws on e-government, Dedicated oversight and com- the Republic electronic documents and plaint provisions under the Digi- of Kazakhstan personal data protection; tal Code; general administrative (signed 9 Janu- provisions on biometric and data-protection complaint ary 2026) authentication and digital channels Hong Kong ✅ Internet ID Personal Information Pro- General administrative com- Measures (in tection Law; Cybersecurity plaint mechanisms force 15 July Law; Data Security Law; 2025) electronic-signature and Digital Code of Laws on e-government, General administrative com- the Kyrgyz Re- electronic documents and plaint mechanisms public (signed personal data protection ⛔ – – sioner and general administra- (Privacy) Ordinance; tive procedures ✅ My Number Electronic-signature General administrative com- Act 2013 (as and PKI laws; Act on the plaint mechanisms amended) Protection of Personal Information and related regulations Mongolia ⛔ Complaints via Privacy Commis- Ordinance; Personal Data e-government regulations August 2025) Tajikistan Electronic Transactions sectoral cybersecurity and Japan ✅ Available grievance mechanism e-government regulations public services Kyrgyzstan Other laws governing digital ID SUB REGION - EAST ASIA SUB REGION - CENTRAL ASIA Kazakhstan Statute details (if any) ⛔ – E-government and elec- General administrative com- tronic-signature laws; plaint mechanisms E-government and e-signa- General administrative com- data-protection framework ture laws; Law on Personal plaint mechanisms underpinning E-Mongolia Data 2018 North Korea ⛔ – General identity and No clear grievance mechanisms administrative laws; no speTurkmenistan ⛔ cific digital ID framework – Laws on identity docu- General administrative com- ments and e-government; plaint mechanisms personal-data framework Uzbekistan ⛔ – E-government and e-sig- General administrative com- nature laws; personal-data plaint mechanisms legislation regulating biometric databases linked to identity systems identified South Korea Taiwan ✅ ⛔ Resident Personal Information Complaints via data protection Registration Protection Act; elec- authority and administrative Act with 2023 tronic-transactions and channels Mobile-ID e-government legislation amendments governing mobile ID – Sectoral electronic-signa- Complaints through data protec- ture, data-protection and tion authorities and general cybersecurity laws support- administrative mechanisms ing TW DIW, TW FidO and Citizen Digital Certificate 34 35 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC THIRD EDITION - REGIONAL OVERVIEW REPORT 2026