Regional Overview Regional Overview Country Digital ID system Japan My Number Card Mongolia E-Mongolia North Korea No known public national digital ID system South Korea Mobile ID / digital government identity tools Citizens and registered foreign residents in some systems TW DIW / TW FidO / Citizen Digital Certificate Nationals and some legal residents depending on credential Taiwan Signifies Not Identified Signifies Operational Signifies Planned Signifies Foundational Signifies Functional Status FuncRequires citizen- Accessible tional/ ship for enrolto stateless Founda- ment? persons tional Country Digital ID system Maldives FuncRequires citizen- Accessible tional/ ship for enrolto stateless Founda- ment? persons tional Effectively mandatory to access services eFaas Citizens; foreigners may register for some use with passport or work permit Increasingly yes Increasingly yes Nepal National ID Generally citizens ⛔ No clear evidence Pakistan CNIC / NADRA digital identity ecosystem Generally citizens ⛔ Increasingly yes Sri Lanka e-NIC Generally citizens ⛔ Effectively mandatory to access services ✅ Increasingly Citizens and legal Yes; depending yes residents on residence status ⛔ Citizens and some residents ⛔ e-Tazkira Bangladesh National ID card (NID) ✅ Yes; through Alien Citizen Digital Certificate IC Card Generally tied to citizenship Generally citizens Bhutan National Digital Identity (NDI) Yes, citizens India Aadhaar Residents can enroll (as per the law) Status ⛔ / rollout Increasingly yes Yes for many services Increasingly yes SUB REGION - SOUTHEAST ASIA Increasingly important for e-services SUB REGION - SOUTH ASIA Afghanistan Signifies Not Identified Signifies Operational Signifies Planned Signifies Foundational Signifies Functional ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ ⛔ Brunei BruneiID Cambodia CamDigiKey / IPIS Important for many services Hybrid Generally citizens Stateless with and lawful resiPR: Yes. dents depending Stateless on service without PR: No Increasingly yes Hybrid Generally citizens No clear ac/ documentcess ed residents depending on platform Growing but not universal Hybrid Generally citizens Limited with existing civil registration Increasingly yes / developing Largely yes Indonesia IKD Laos Gov-X / E-ID Emerging, increasingly important Yes for many services in practice / developing Generally citizens / documented residents ⛔ Growing 28 29 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC THIRD EDITION - REGIONAL OVERVIEW REPORT 2026