30 Commonwealth of Dominica, Passport Application Form, available at http://dominica.gov.dm/images/documents/common wealth_of_dominica_passport_form.pdf; and Passport Application Procedures at http://www.dominica.gov.dm/services/passportsand-travel-documents-nationals/120-how-do-i-apply-for-a-passport. 31 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, at http://www.mofa.gov.sa/EServ/SaudiNationalAbroad/FanarPassport Services/Pages/Instructions.aspx?ServiceId=16. 32 World Bank 2018a; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Passport application procedure at http://www.gdp.gov.sa/sites/pgd/ar-SA/ Procedures/SaudiProcedures/NewSaudiPassport/Pages/default.aspx; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Passport Application Form at http:// www.gdp.gov.sa/sites/pgd/ar-SA/PassportServices/Forms/Pages/default.aspx (accessed May 2019). 33 World Bank 2018a; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Passport application procedure at http://www.gdp.gov.sa/sites/pgd/ar-SA/ Procedures/SaudiProcedures/NewSaudiPassport/Pages/default.aspx; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Passport Application Form at http:// www.gdp.gov.sa/sites/pgd/ar-SA/PassportServices/Forms/Pages/default.aspx (accessed May 2019). 34 St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Passport Application Form, available at http://www.svghighcom.co.uk/site/National_files/ passport%20form%20ADULT.pdf. 35 United States Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017, Saudi Arabia, at https://www.state. gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper. 36 United States Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017, United Arab Emirates, at https://www. state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm#wrapper; United Arab Emirates, Law No. 17 for 1972 Concerning Nationality and Passports, Article 36. 37 For a more comprehensive framework of supply and demand factors that could affect birth registration, see World Bank 2016b. 38 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Republic of Greece, Law on Civil Status Acts, No. 344 of 1976, Article 21. 39 This applies to both married and unmarried parents. Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Barbados, Vital Statistics and Registration Act, Article 8(1); Birth registration procedures available at https://www.gov.bb/citizens-citi/how-do-i/registeringa-live-birth/. 40 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Code of the Persons and the Family, Article 38. 41 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Fiji, Law on Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration No. 7 of 1975, Article 11. 42 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; National Organization for Civil Registration, page 28, at http://www. sabteahval.ir/Upload/Modules/Contents/asset90/engbo.pdf. 43 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Namibia, Births, Marriages and Deaths Registration Act, 1963, as amended, Article 19. 44 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Birth, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act, 1990, Articles 16–17. 45 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Birth, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act, 1990, Articles 16–17. 46 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Islamic Republic of Iran, Registration of Personal Status Code, Article 16. 47 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Bhutan Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs, Department of Civil Registration and Census, Birth Registration Form, available at http://www.mohca.gov.bt/index.php/census-forms/ (accessed January 2019). 48 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Arab Republic of Egypt, Law No. 12 of 1996 Promulgating the Child Law Amended by Law No. 126 of 2008, Article 15. 49 Law No. 12 of 1996 Promulgating the Child Law Amended by Law No. 126 of 2008, Article 15. In Egypt, if the parents are forbidden to marry under Islamic Law, their names shall not be recorded on the birth certificate. If the mother is married and the newborn child is born to a father other than her husband, her name is not recorded on the birth certificate. If a non-Muslim father is married, and the child is born to a mother other than his legitimate wife, his name is not recorded on the birth certificate, unless the child was born either before marriage or after annulling the marriage, except for those persons whose religion permits polygamy. Law No. 12 of 1996 Promulgating the Child Law Amended by Law No. 126 of 2008, Article 22. 50 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Republic of Greece, Law on Civil Status Acts, No. 344 of 1976, Article 21(3). 51 Women, Business and the Law database, forthcoming; Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Central Register for the Newborn and Deaths Department, Registering a Newborn Baby and Issuing a Birth Certificate, at https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/kgoenglish/Pages/ Services/MOH/IssuanceBirthCertificatesForNewborns.aspx (accessed January 2019); Ministry of Health of Kuwait, Central Register for the Newborn and Deaths Department, Registering a Newborn Baby and Issuing a Birth Certificate, at https://www.e.gov.kw/sites/ kgoenglish/Pages/Services/MOH/IssuanceBirthCertificatesForNewborns.aspx. 52 14 Iran, Islamic Republic, Registration of Personal Status Code, Article 16. ACHIEVING UNIVERSAL ACCESS TO ID: GENDER-BASED LEGAL BARRIERS AGAINST WOMEN AND GOOD PRACTICE REFORMS