countries. ENS organises its work around three pillars – law and policy development, awareness-raising, and capacity-building. ENS provides expert advice and support to a range of stakeholders, including governments. This submission partially draws on information and analysis from ENS’s Statelessness Index, which covers Ireland.4 5. The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion is an independent non-profit organisation committed to an integrated, human rights-based response to the injustice of statelessness and exclusion through a combination of research, education, partnerships and advocacy. Established in August 2014, it is the first and only global centre committed to promoting the human rights of stateless persons and ending statelessness. The Institute has made over 75 country specific UPR submissions on the right to nationality and the human rights of stateless persons, and also compiled summaries of the key human rights challenges related to statelessness in all countries under review from the 23rd to the 37th UPR Sessions.5 Previous UPR of Ireland under the First and Second Cycle 6. Ireland was previously reviewed during the 12th and 25th sessions of the UPR in 2011 and 2016 respectively. The right to a nationality and statelessness were not directly addressed in either cycle, and no recommendations were made to Ireland to specifically address these issues. 7. During the 12th session, Ireland received the following recommendations, which are also relevant for stateless persons: I. II. III. In line with the recommendations made by CERD, adopt and implement immediately legislation prohibiting any form of racial discrimination and ensure humanitarian treatment for migrants and persons of non-Irish origin […] (Mexico); 6 Take the necessary measures to avoid detention of asylum-seekers and to avoid situations which may equate the condition of immigrants to that of felons (Brazil);7 Strengthen its laws to prohibit racial profiling and strengthen its efforts to promote humane, dignified and non-selective treatment for migrants and other persons who are not of Irish origin (Honduras);8 Ireland accepted the first and second recommendations and noted the third.9 8. During the 25th session, Ireland received the following recommendations which it partially accepted: I. II. Give the broadest possible scope, flexibility and coverage to its immigration policy (Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela); and Improve the protection of refugees, migrants and asylum seekers (China). 4 The Statelessness Index on Ireland can be accessed at: https://index.statelessness.eu/country/ireland. For more information, see https://www.institutesi.org/. 6 A/HRC/19/9, recommendation 107.24. 7 A/HRC/19/9, recommendation 107.35. 8 A/HRC/19/9, recommendation 108.13. 9 A/HRC/19/9/Add.1. 5 2