these agencies improved their data management and reporting systems since the UNHCR made recommendations in 2012 with respect to     V. Refugee determination of stateless persons; Humanitarian and compassionate cases; Detention under the IRPA of stateless persons, and Removals of stateless persons? Methodology The approach used in this study consists of two steps. Firstly, we conducted a literature review, followed by the submission of several Access to Information (ATI) requests to the four Canadian government agencies. Secondly, in order to follow up on the data we received and clarify findings, we conducted interviews with key government agency informants via telephone and email. In order to discover whether recommendations made in 2012 have been implemented, CCS filed Access to Information requests with Statistics Canada, Citizenship and Immigration Canada, and Canada Border Services Agency on June 22, 2015. We conducted a telephone interview with representatives from the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on July 16, 2015. Access to Information requests were filed electronically to the aforementioned agencies, and responses were provided by individual agency officers who acted as points of contact once responses were delivered. Follow up phone calls and emails were made in the fall and winter of 2015 and spring of 2016 in order to clarify any concerns in initial responses. VI. Findings Statistics Canada Defining Stateless Statistics Canada defines ‘stateless’ in the National Household Survey on the basis of the responses received for Question # 10 ‘Of what country is this person a citizen?’ ‘Stateless’ is a separate citizenship category in the National Household Survey distinct from countries of origin. Other examples of responses coded to ‘stateless’ include: ‘not a citizen of any country’, ‘no citizenship’, and ‘no country’. In the 2011 National Household Survey, the Citizenship question was the only one capturing the stateless status. On the questionnaire, two check-boxes allow the type of Canadian citizenship (by birth or by naturalization) to be reported and a write-in line is provided for other citizenships. Respondents are instructed to provide more than one citizenship if applicable. No further instruction nor definition is provided with regard to stateless as a status. 7

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