This study makes a series of recommendations for each agency: Statistics Canada should: 1. As ‘stateless’ is not predefined for the Census user and is open to interpretation, Statistics Canada must include a definition of ‘stateless’, in accordance with international law, in the citizenship section of the National Household Survey. 2. Leave all self-reported ‘stateless’ data in the citizenship category unprocessed. 3. Cease considering political activity as a relevant factor in regrouping data as the nature of the statelessness also concerns non-political activity such as gender biased nationality law; and secondly, political activity, though a cause of statelessness, should not be considered an appropriate indicator of resolution of discrepancies in citizenship or stateless status. 4. Commit to implementing recommendations in advance of the execution of the 2021 National Household Survey. The Immigration and Refugee Board should: 1. The IRB must define ‘stateless’ according to international law and include that definition in the Basis of Claim form. 2. Implement reporting on whether statelessness is a factor in decisions made. Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) should: 1. IRCC must define ‘stateless’ persons according to international law and remove ‘stateless persons’ from the category of ‘foreign national’. 2. Clarify and include notes on the point at which data on stateless persons is collected, and the organisations involved. 3. Clarify whether the ‘stateless’ category comprises those with ‘unknown nationality’. 4. Implement reporting mechanisms that capture whether statelessness was a primary or significant ground for acceptance in humanitarian and compassionate applications. 5. Implement reporting mechanisms that capture whether establishment in Canada or best interests of affected Canadian citizen children are grounds by which cases are assessed in humanitarian and compassionate applications. 6. Report whether stateless individuals are granted permanent residency in Canada via humanitarian and compassionate grounds or private or government sponsorship. 7. Report the change in status of those stateless persons who acquire Canadian citizenship, so as to accurately report the number of stateless persons in Canada. 8. Include data on stateless individuals in the Citizenship data table. Canada Border Services Agency should: 1. CBSA must define ‘stateless’ persons according to international law. 2. Collect and report data on the number of stateless persons detained. 3. Use both detention days and number of individual stateless persons as indicators when reporting data. v