Lessons Learned from Modern Slavery However, as with stateless populations, there are important populations vulnerable to exploitation and modern slavery that are not adequately represented in a national census, such as undocumented migrants. One way that modern slavery researchers have begun to address these data gaps includes supplementing census-based stratification efforts with known hot spot data oversample sites to strengthen the existing survey research results. B Promising Method 2: Multiple Systems Estimation Multiple Systems Estimation is a promising method that modern slavery researchers are exploring to better understand measurement in developed countries where many survey-based efforts are ill-suited or cost-prohibitive. 31 This method allows researchers to analyse concurrent administrative lists of victims for overlaps to estimate how many victims may exist but have not been identified by these sources. 32 This requirement of administrative data is precisely why this method works best in developed countries that have data management and collection capacity to maintain administrative data on modern slavery victims, while this data management and collection capacity may be more difficult to obtain in developing countries. In this situation, undocumented migrants as well as stateless persons may be unwilling to seek assistance from law enforcement or civil society organisations due to fear of government detection and deportation. Another way this can be addressed in both statelessness and modern slavery research would be to purposefully include organisations that specifically focus on serving these undocumented populations to ensure our best chance to account for these populations. V CONCLUSIONS Modern slavery and statelessness research can benefit from shared strategies to overcome the challenges we encounter in serving our hidden populations. The role of measurement is critical to increase political will and available funding in our respective fields, and strategies from the modern slavery field can bolster future investment in statelessness. A shared and symbiotic research agenda emerges in the Americas region to better measure both modern slavery and statelessness and understand the contexts in which both can occur. From protecting our target populations during the research process to motivating unwilling governments, we hope that lessons from modern slavery research may inform ongoing efforts in statelessness research. As demonstrated, there are many opportunities for statelessness and modern slavery researchers to collaborate on our shared commitment to measure and assist these hidden and important populations. Ideally, this symposium may inspire more engagement efforts across our fields in the future. 31 32 Davina Durgana and Jacqueline Joudo Larsen, ‘Using MSE to Measure Modern Slavery in Developed Countries’, Delta 8.7 (Web Page, 4 October 2018) <https://delta87.org/2018/10/using-mse-to-measure-modern-slavery-in-developedcountries/>. ibid. 147