C. Principal concerns and standards regarding the right to nationality of Dominicans of Haitian descent and judgment TC/0168/13 1. 2. 3. 4. D. 5. The arbitrary and retroactive deprivation of the right to nationality of Dominicans of Haitian descent The stateless condition of persons of Haitian descent The right to identity of persons of Haitian descent Obstacles to the effective enjoyment of rights stemming from the lack of recognition of juridical personality: inhuman and degrading conditions in the bateyes Impact on the right to humane treatment of the persons affected Conclusions and recommendations CHAPTER 3 | RIGHT TO EQUALITY AND NON-DISCRIMINATION OF DOMINICANS OF HAITIAN DESCENT 87 99 117 123 126 129 131 137 A. General considerations 137 B. Constitutional and legal framework for equality and non-discrimination 140 C. Main concerns and standards on the forms of discrimination affecting Dominicans of Haitian descent as a result of Judgment TC/0168/13 143 D. 1. 2. Structural discrimination against persons of Haitian descent Intersectoral discrimination against persons of Haitian descent Conclusions and recommendations 146 149 155 CHAPTER 4 | ACCESS TO JUSTICE AND DUE PROCESS GUARANTEES 163 FOR DOMINICANS OF HAITIAN DESCENT A. General considerations 163 B. Constitutional and legal framework 165 C. Principal concerns and standards relating to access to justice, judicial protection and due process guarantees 167 1. 1. D. Due process and judicial protection in proceedings in which Dominicans of Haitian descent are ultimately deprived of their nationality 169 Access to justice and judicial protection in the case of Dominicans of Haitian descent who experience multiple forms of discrimination in many areas of their daily lives 183 Conclusions and recommendations 188