countless records. Consequently, many ethnic Vietnamese face significant difficulties proving ties to Cambodia. Ethnic Vietnamese from Cambodia are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Some individuals deported by the Cambodian government to Vietnam in the 1970s were of Chinese ancestry. For many years, they lived in refugee camps along the Vietnamese and Cambodian border, unrecognized as citizens of either Cambodia or Vietnam. Many persons of Chinese ancestry have since been granted Vietnamese citizenship, but it is possible that some remain stateless (Wallace 2010; United Nations News 2010). Ethnic Chinese Cambodians are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. A significant number of people from Brunei, particularly those of Chinese and indigenous Iban descent, is potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. The Brunei Nationality Act of 1961 contains provisions that limit access to nationality on the basis of race and gender. To be automatically recognized as citizens under the Act, children born in Brunei must be from a Malay ethnic group or have a father that possesses Brunei nationality or is an ethnic Malay born in that country. Persons born outside of Brunei are recognized as Brunei citizens if their mother and father were born in Brunei and belong to one of 22 specified ethnic groups. In all cases, children must be registered at birth to obtain nationality (Statelessness Network Asia Pacific et al. 2018, 5-10). Due to these provisions, many people from Brunei are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. These provisions bar most ethnic Chinese and indigenous Iban peoples form obtaining Brunei citizenship. In addition, children born out of wedlock or to single mothers, or children whose fathers are absent, may not be able to register their births and obtain citizenship regardless of their ethnicity (ibid.). In either case, they face severe obstacles to the acquisition of Brunei citizenship. Statelessness is a widespread problem in Côte d’Ivoire. Several social groups in Côte d’Ivoire have high incidences of statelessness, including: • Populations living along its borders; • Refugees and returnees following the country’s civil war; • Children of unknown parents; and, • Descendants of laborers from neighboring countries —particularly Burkina Faso, Mali, and Guinea — who were brought to Côte d’Ivoire under the French colonial regime to work on rail lines and on cocoa and coffee plantations (Adjami 2016, 6-7). Some members of the latter group may be eligible for citizenship in neighboring countries, but many no longer have connections to their ancestral countries and may be stateless (ibid., 44). 30