Yugoslavia dissolved between 1991 and 1995. Following the formation of its successor states, many people experienced problems with civil registration and documentation. The conflicts of the 1990s and the 1999 Kosovo conflict displaced many individuals across borders within the Balkans and wreaked havoc on civil registry systems. Many records were destroyed during these conflicts. As a result, some persons were left without personal records and faced substantial challenges claiming citizenship in Yugoslavia’s successor states (UNHCR 2011b, 5). Moreover, some missed the “window of opportunity” to apply for citizenship in their state of residence (ibid. 16). Roma, Ashkali, and Balkan Egyptians Members of minority groups throughout the Balkan region are at particular risk of statelessness. The Roma and Albanian-speaking Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians live in poverty throughout the region and often face systematic discrimination (ibid., 5, 27). Many fled their states of origin during conflicts in the 1990s. As a result, many lacked registration in their countries of residence at the time of their independence and faced obstacles to citizenship acquisition. Even when they are eligible for nationality, language barriers and steep fees create difficulties for many Roma, Ashkali, and Egyptians (ibid., 25). It is difficult for many in these groups to register their children at birth, which perpetuates inter-generational statelessness (ibid.). Roma, Ashkali, and Balkan Egyptians from any former Yugoslavian country are thus potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Individuals with Yugoslavian Passports People who left Yugoslavia before or during the region’s numerous conflicts from 1991 to 1995 may have been unable to acquire citizenship in any of its successor states (UNHCR and OSJI 2012, 23). Such individuals are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. North Macedonia Following its independence, North Macedonia enacted strict citizenship laws requiring applicants to prove registered permanent residence in North Macedonia at the time of independence, 15 years of uninterrupted lawful residence, and sufficient means of subsistence. Applicants who met these requirements and applied by November 1993 were granted citizenship. Some individuals who could not meet these requirements or did not apply by November 1993 may remain stateless. Statelessness disproportionately affects North Macedonia’s Roma minority, whose members often lack documentation to prove habitual residence (UNHCR 2011b, 29; Macedonian Young Lawyers Association et al. 2018, 6). Since 1993, North Macedonia has required that applicants furnish a certificate from their countries of origin indicating that they have never been convicted of a crime. This certificate is difficult to obtain for persons who have never registered residence outside of North Macedonia (UNHCR 2011b, 19). Individuals from North Macedonia of Roma descent or descent from other ex-Yugoslavian countries are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Croatia Following its independence, Croatia enacted citizenship laws that required continuous habitual 18