genocide of 1994, in particular, led to mass migration into the DRC (ibid.). The citizenship of the Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge remains unresolved. The DRC has amended its citizenship laws pertaining to these groups multiple times since independence. The DRC’s constitution at independence deemed that only those whose ancestors had been present in its territory before 1908 were entitled to citizenship. As a result, most Kinyarwanda speakers were effectively barred from DRC citizenship. In 1972, the DRC amended its citizenship law and permitted those whose ancestors had been present since 1950 to naturalize. In 1982, however, a new law required that citizens prove ancestry in the DRC back to 1885, the date when the borders of the Congo Free State were recognized, and those Banyamulenge and Banyarwanda that had attained citizenship were denationalized. In 1995, following the Rwandan genocide and increased ethnic violence in the states bordering Rwanda, the DRC government declared that all Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge had “fraudulent” DRC nationality and began a campaign of eviction and deportation (ibid., 286). Many were deported to Rwanda and their DRC identification cards were confiscated or destroyed (ibid., 287). Many Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge face difficulties documenting their ancestry in the DRC, and many face discrimination when applying for nationality. In 2006, the DRC enacted a new constitution, providing that all individuals whose ancestors were present in the DRC at the time of its independence in 1960 were entitled to citizenship. While the constitution permits Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge to obtain DRC citizenship, many remain stateless due to a provision excluding those perceived as having ties to foreign governments – an accusation often levied against these groups (ibid., 291). Moreover, many Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge face difficulties documenting their ancestry in the DRC, and many face discrimination when applying for nationality (ibid.). As a result, Banyarwanda and Banyamulenge in the United States are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Dominican Republic (DR)-born individuals of Haitian descent are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Until 2010, the DR’s Constitution afforded citizenship to all children born in its territory, with the exception of children whose parents were diplomats or in transit to another country. In 2010, the DR revised its Constitution to add the children born to parents who are considered “foreign nationals in transit” and those born to undocumented parents to the list of those excluded (prospectively) from birthright citizenship (Aber and Small 2013, 87). In 2013, the Dominican Constitutional Court issued Judgment 168-13, which introduced a new interpretation of the nationality criteria set out in the Constitutions in force between 1929 and 2010. The Constitutional Court determined that only individuals born in the country to Dominican nationals or legal residents were to be considered to have acquired Dominican nationality on 36