residence on Croatian territory. Many Serbians and other ethnic minorities fled during the conflict between Serbia and Croatia and subsequently returned. Some who could not prove habitual residence in Croatia faced significant challenges to citizenship acquisition (ibid., 18). Furthermore, ethnic minorities not registered in Croatia at the time of its independence, particularly Roma, faced difficulties proving habitual residence (ibid.). Some of these individuals remain stateless despite legal reforms aimed at facilitating these groups’ naturalization (UNHCR 2014f, 2). Ethnic Serbians and Roma from Croatia are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Roma from Italy and Germany are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Many German and Italian Roma have resided in those countries for centuries and possess their respective nationalities. However, thousands of Roma migrated from Yugoslavia to Italy and, to a lesser extent, Germany, in the 1970s through the 1990s to escape persecution and violence (IOS 2019a; IOS 2019d). Some of these Roma, as well as their children, live without any “defined” legal status (ISI 2014, 98). Those that cannot attain citizenship in any former Yugoslavian country may be stateless (ibid.). Many major countries of destination for Syrian refugees—for example, Germany, Jordan, Lebanon, Sweden, Turkey, or the United Kingdom—do not grant birthright citizenship, putting children of Syrian refugees at risk of statelessness (Howard 2017, 1). While such children are, in many cases, entitled to Syrian citizenship, families cannot travel back to Syria to register them. Syria’s gender-discriminatory nationality laws also exacerbate the risk of statelessness for children born abroad. While children born to Syrian fathers are entitled to Syrian citizenship, mothers cannot generally confer Syrian citizenship to children born outside of Syria (ibid., 303). As a result, children born abroad to Syrian refugees who are single mothers or born abroad to a Syrian mother and a father who cannot transmit his nationality are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Children born to Syrian refugees in Germany, Jordan, Lebanon, Sweden, Turkey, and the United Kingdom after 2011, the year the Syrian Civil War began, are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. These children cannot travel to Syria to register as citizens and are generally unable to acquire citizenship in their countries of birth. Children born abroad to single Syrian women or Syrian women and non-Syrian men may face a particular risk of statelessness due to gender discrimination in Syrian nationality law. Some Kurds from Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Lebanon are potentially stateless or potentially at risk of statelessness. Feyli Kurds in Iraq and Iran The Feyli Kurds are a Shi’ite Muslim Kurdish minority group from the border region of Iran and 19