38 1 PROTECTING STATELESS PERSONS FROM ARBITRARY DETENTION ENDNOTES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Kim v Russia [2014] Application no 44260/13 (ECtHR), para 54 It is intended to also be a resource to practitioners in other parts of the world – to the extent that it draws on the universal UN framework, and given that the rulings of the European Court of Human Rights are widely read, respected and influential globally Further information is available on the European Network on Statelessness website at www.statelessness.eu See chapter 4 of this Toolkit – the Table of Treaty Ratifications – for a full list of state parties to the 1954 Convention and other key treaties Readers are also encouraged to look at other resources such as the statelessness page of UNHCR’s Refworld and the European Network on Statelessness site Article 1(1). 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons (adopted 28 September 1954) 360 UNTS UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 23 For a definition and explanation on the correct use of the term de facto statelessness see ibid., p 5 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012), para 5 1 The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) Guideline 25, p 16. For the international law basis for this definition, please see pages 76 – 81 of the Commentary to the ERT Guidelines UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Guidelines on the Applicable Criteria and Standards relating to the Detention of Asylum-Seekers and Alternatives to Detention (2012), Guideline 4, point 18 For more detailed overviews of the UN framework, see this Dag Hammarskjöld Library Research Guide and this OHCHR overview of human rights bodies UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The Case Law of the European Regional Courts: The Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights Refugees, asylum-seekers, and stateless persons (UNHCR, 2015), p 20 Some rights under the ICCPR are reserved for citizens only, such as the right to vote or to stand for election (art 15(b)) UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 8 Ibid, para 8 Ibid, para 122 Ibid, para 115 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Ibid, para 146 Ibid, para 83 Auad v Bulgaria [2011] Application no 46390/10 (ECtHR) Ibid, para 130 Okonkwo v Austria [2001] Application no 35117/97 (ECtHR), p 3 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on common standards and procedures in Member States for returning illegally staying third-country nationals (EU Returns Directive) L 348/98 (2008) The Equal Rights Trust (ERT), ERT Guidelines to Protect Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention (2012) European Network on Statelessness (ENS), ‘Strategic Litigation: An Obligation for Statelessness Determination under the European Convention on Human Rights?’ European Network on Statelessness Discussion Paper 09/14 (2014) p 12 Ibid, p 4 See ENS Good Practice Guide on Statelessness Determination and the Protection Status of Stateless Persons (2013) UN General Assembly (UNGA), Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment (1988) Resolution A/ RES/43/173 A v Australia [1997] Communication No 560/1993 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/59/D/560/1993, para 9(4) Ibid, para 9(2) FKGA v Australia [2011] Communication No 2094/2011 (HRC) UN Doc CCPR/C/108/D/2094/2011, para 9(3) UN Human Rights Council (HRC), Report of the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention to the Human Rights Council, 13th Session (2010), A/ HRC/13/30, para 59 UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons (2014), para 112 Ibid, para 113 Saadi v United Kingdom [2008] Application no 13229/03 (ECtHR), para 43 Agee v United Kingdom [1976] application no 7729/76 (ECommHR); Amuur v France [1996] Application no 19776/92 (ECtHR) Dougoz v Greece [2001] application no 40907/98 (ECtHR) Bozano v France [1986] application no 9990/82 (ECtHR); Conka v Belgium, [2002] application no 51564/99 (ECtHR) Winterwerp v the Netherlands [1979] application no 6301/73 (ECtHR); Bouamar v Belgium, [1988] application no 9106/80 (ECtHR), para 50 Vasileva v Denmark, [2003] application no 52792/99 (ECtHR), para 37 European Union (EU), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and