mechanism, at times tied up in trafficking, is the increased number of child brides among Rohingya. This takes place both within the camps and across borders as recently reported in Malaysia.12 Women, adolescent girls in particular, are also vulnerable to falling into sex trafficking networks. In some cases, women are taken and exploited by local criminal networks as sex workers overnight, then returned to the makeshift settlements during the day. In others, as one humanitarian official told RI, women may fall into sex trafficking networks that extend to India or on to the Middle East. The ability to investigate the full extent of the trafficking problem has been constrained by limited capacity and mandates, but several different humanitarian officials expressed to RI that they believe it is taking place with increasing frequency. As one official told RI, “Trafficking is clearly increasing, and I fear the little we actually know is just the tip of the iceberg”. Several practical steps can and should be taken to address the many protection concerns for Rohingya in Bangladesh. First, the Government of Bangladesh should expand UNHCR’s mandate beyond just the official camps to provide further protection expertise and services, including protection by presence, GBV case management and counseling, and legal services. This should include the opening of a UNHCR sub-office in Teknaf to be closer to areas where trafficking risks are believed to be the highest. Rukia arrived in Kutupalong Makeshift Settlement with her five children just days before RI spoke with her. Temporary police outposts should also be opened in the makeshift settlements. To be sure, the presence of law enforcement can create fears and risk of abuse, but this can be mitigated by setting up camp management systems similar to those in the official refugee camps, led by an official in charge and with clear procedures for filing complaints and recourse to justice. The Government of Bangladesh should further work with humanitarian actors to develop internal community governance structures within the camps and promote and provide education to UMN and local authorities on the dangers of trafficking and access to justice. And the Government of Bangladesh should provide some form of identification based on the results of the census but should also carry out efforts to update results to better reflect the most recent realities on the ground. 13 www.refugeesinternational.org