    marriage migrant on the basis of gender, nationality, race, class, culture and ethnicity’. She thereby exposes the causes of statelessness in this context by uncovering the complex interplay between interconnected factors, further contributing to emerging scholarship on intersectional discrimination as a cause of statelessness.95 Similarly, in Chapter 3, Razali shows the intergenerational effects of gender-discriminatory nationality laws and how they affect children. The chapter sheds light on the ‘impact of the production and perpetuation of childhood statelessness in Southeast Asia’ by examining ‘the production and inheritance of statelessness at birth through habitually overlapping variants of discrimination, including explicit discrimination through the substance and implementation of a country’s laws and policies, indirect discrimination via arbitrary or slippery official practices which form part of a state’s administrative design and indirect discrimination through judicial interpretation’.96 At times, discrimination may be less blatantly manifested. Discriminatory practices could be obscured by ostensibly neutral laws and procedures; Jain identifies three supposedly neutral criteria commonly used to deny citizenship to persons and groups from certain backgrounds, rendering them stateless, that is, time, territory, and administrative burdens.97 Time involves the use of cut-off eligibility periods, unreasonable application deadlines, and expanding durational residency requirements.98 Territory or space involves the delineation of territorial borders to include/exclude certain groups.99 The combination of time and spatial requirements may further create statelessness within borders, such as requiring persons to prove that they were within a particular space during a particular time in order to be eligible for citizenship. Administrative burdens employ formal documentary requirements, archival conditions, or limited application periods to deny citizenship.100 Deirdre Brennan, Nina Murray and Allison J. Petrozziello, ‘Asking the “Other Questions”: Applying Intersectionality to Understand Statelessness in Europe’ in Tendayi Bloom and Lindsey N. Kingston (eds), Statelessness, Governance, and the Problem of Citizenship (Manchester University Press 2021). 96 Chapter Three, 63–93. 97 Neha Jain, ‘Manufacturing Statelessness’ (2022) 116(2) The American Journal of International Law 237, 238. 98 ibid 250–260. 99 ibid 261. 100 ibid 268–269. 95 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009399555.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press