confirms the information on the individual held by the Tax Agency. In Norway, parents receive confirmation of registered Norwegian national identity number and name, which is automatically sent to their Altinn, an online tax administration account inaccessible to anyone without a residence permit in Norway. Ordering a birth certificate requires at least one parent to have both an Altinn account and a BankID (an online login for accessing banking and public services), which requires a Norwegian bank account and is virtually impossible for non-Norwegians without a valid passport to acquire. This means that parents without a residence permit in Norway or a valid passport must go through additional steps to request a birth certificate from the Tax Administration. Conditions relating to the documentation or migration status of the parents In some countries, children may not receive a birth certificate or documentary proof of their birth due to their parents’ residence or documentation status preventing their births from being registered. In Latvia, Moldova, Serbia, Türkiye, and Ukraine, for example, children of undocumented parents who cannot have their births registered will not receive a certificate. In Croatia, if the parents are undocumented, birth certificates are issued but not completed. In Bulgaria, where parents’ identity documents are missing, the child will be issued a birth certificate, but the parent cannot acquire a copy of that certificate. In Greece, the online birth registration procedure requires access to the citizens’ taxation system to print the birth certificate. There are indications that stateless people, undocumented migrants, and asylum seekers face difficulties accessing a birth certificate without a social security number to access the taxation system. In France, in the case of asylum seekers, a birth certificate is only issued at the end of the procedure if the asylum application is accepted by the Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons. In Germany, if the required documents cannot be presented, parents do not receive a birth certificate but are instead issued, sometimes with a delay, with an extract from the birth register, which contains the notes ‘identity not established’ and ‘name not established’. While parents await the extract from the birth register, they are unable to apply for child support. Court rulings have demonstrated that this can lead to practical problems as the extract does not have the same evidentiary value as a birth certificate and could prevent access to different parental entitlements, preventative healthcare, and the automatic issuance of a tax number, which in turn prevents access to certain social security entitlements. 29 No international version of the extract is issued, so it is only in German, and an extract (as opposed to an original birth certificate) may not be accepted by the authorities in another country for the purpose of civil registration or acquiring a nationality. Although some civil registry offices collect data on the number of children issued with extracts, data is not collected nationally, so it is unclear how many children in Germany are affected. Non-recognition of same-sex parents The enjoyment of LGBTIQ* rights varies across Europe, including the recognition of same-sex partnerships or marriages and the recognition of legal parentage between children and their non-biological LGBTIQ* parents.30 As a result, LGBTIQ* families in Europe can face problems with birth registration and access to birth certificates, putting children in these families at risk of statelessness in some cases. Issues may arise from the failure of authorities in one State to recognise birth certificates issued in another State, which include the names of both same-sex parents on the certificate. In other cases, national legislation and policy mean that it is not possible to register the birth of the child where they have same-sex parents, or to include both parents on a birth certificate. In many countries, including Bulgaria, Czechia, Georgia, Greece, Italy, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, and Türkiye, same-sex parenthood is not legally recognised and/or cannot be reflected in the birth certificate, creating obstacles to the acquisition of identity documents, a