20 Global Recommendations on Nationality and Statelessness in the Context of Climate Change PART A 3. T HE NEXUS BETWEEN NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS AND THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE 3 Global Recommendations on Nationality and Statelessness in the Context of Climate Change PART A 3. THE NEXUS BETWEEN NATIONALITY AND STATELESSNESS AND THE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE The nexus between nationality and statelessness and the adverse impacts of climate change The adverse impacts of climate change 3.1 The emission of greenhouse gases through human activities, primarily the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas, is heating the planet faster than at any time in at least the last 2000 years.13 As a result, climate-related hazards, including both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events such as heatwaves, droughts, extreme precipitation, and cyclones, as well as slow-onset events or processes such as sea-level rise, rising temperatures, loss of biodiversity, and desertification are increasing, with substantial consequences for exposed and vulnerable people and ecosystems.14 3.2 The adverse impacts of climate change are context-specific, systemic, and complex. The exposure and vulnerability of ecosystems and people to climate-related hazards are shaped by geography and local climate, as well as by wider environmental, socio-economic and political factors such as inequality, poverty, culture and governance. Climate-related hazards may also interact and combine with other natural and human-made hazards, such as geological, technological, biological and industrial hazards, as well as conflict and financial shocks.15 3.3 Cascading effects may include, for example, the amplification of food and water insecurity, the loss of climate-sensitive livelihoods, the degradation and loss of habitable territory, and the increased risk of disaster, conflict, generalized violence, and human rights violations that further result in displacement and other forms of human mobility.16 These cascading effects may also include statelessness, which is discussed in technical work under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (‘UNFCCC‘) Warsaw International Mechanism on Loss and Damage in relation to non-economic losses and human mobility.17 In this document, the phrase ‘the context of climate change’ refers, in general, to the many ways through which climate change impacts affected populations for whom these Global Recommendations are relevant. 21