xxx Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness, 'An Overview of Statelessness' (Factsheet, University of Melbourne, February 2023) 1, available at <https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_File/0009/4460454/Statelessness_overview_factsheet_Feb_2023.p df>. xxxi 1954 Statelessness Convention, (n xviii). See further Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness (n xviii). xxxii UNHCR (n xxi). xxxiii UNHCR (n xxii); ISI (n xxii) 4, 9. xxxiv See further, Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness (n xxiii). xxxv Robertson and Dale (n i) 2. xxxvi Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness (n xvii) 1. xxxvii Ibid. xxxviii Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness, Factsheet: How does someone become stateless? (Factsheet, February 2023) 1, available at <https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_File/0010/4461076/How-does-someonebecome-stateless_factsheet_Feb-2023.pdf>. xxxix Ibid. xl Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness, ‘Statelessness in Australia’, (Factsheet, February 2023) 2, available at <https://law.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_File/0008/4488281/Statelessness-in-Australia.pdf>. xli I.e. the lack of statelessness determination procedure (SDP) or visa category for stateless persons. See Michelle Foster, Jame McAdam and Davina Wadley, ‘Part One: The Protection of Stateless Persons in Australian Law — The Rationale for a Statelessness Determination Procedure’ (2017) 40 Melbourne University Law Review 401. xlii Robertson and Dale (n i); Jane McAdam, ‘Australia and Asylum Seekers’ (2013) 25(3) International Journal of Refugee Law 435. xliii Birthright (jus soli) citizenship was abolished in Australia in 1986 following an amendment to the Australian Citizenship Act. Presently, Section 12(1) of the Citizenship Act provides for two circumstances in which citizenship will be automatically acquired: 1. a parent of the person is an Australian citizen, or a permanent resident, at the time the person was born; or 2. the person is ordinarily resident in Australia throughout the period of 10 years beginning on the day the person is born. See Australian Citizenship Act 2007 (Cth) s 12(1). Australia ratiFied the 1954 Convention on 13 December 1973: UN Treaty Collection, 3. Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 1, available at <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-3.en.pdf>. Australia ratiFied the 1961 Convention on 13 December 1973: UN Treaty Collection, 4. Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 1, available at <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-4.en.pdf>. xlvi International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, opened for signature 16 December 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force 23 March 1976) (‘ICCPR’). Australia ratiFied the ICCPR on 13 August 1980: UN Treaty Collection, 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1, available at <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-4.en.pdf>. xlv 89