91 On 6 February 2020, the AANES external affairs ministry unilaterally declared it would start putting people on trial and seek an internationally recognized tribunal to prosecute ISIS detainees. See: D Sabbagh, ‘Syrian Kurds to put ISIS fighters from dozens of countries on trial’ The Guardian (6 February 2020), available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/feb/06/syrian-kurds-to-put-isisfighters-from-dozens-of-countries-on-trial. 92 B Wille, ‘ISIS Suspect Transfers to Iraq Replete with Risks’ Just Security (3 1 October 2019), available at: https://www.justsecurity. org/66789/isis-suspect-transfers-to-iraq-replete-with-risks/ 93 M Coker and F Hassan, ‘A 10-Minute Trial, a Death Sentence: Iraqi Justice for ISIS Suspects’ The New York Times (17 April 2018), available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/66725/northeastern-syria-complex-criminal-law-in-a-complicated-battlespace/. See also: UN Assistance Mission for Iraq, ‘Human Rights in the Administration of Justice in Iraq: Trials under the anti-terrorism laws and implications for justice, accountability and social cohesion in the aftermath of ISIL’ (January 2020). 94 Barcelona Traction, Light, and Power Co Ltd (Belgium v Spain) [1970] ICJ Rep 3 [33]. 95 Advisory Opinion Concerning Legal Consequences of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) Notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970) [1971] ICJ Rep 16 [117]. 96 International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, 56th Session Supplement no 10, UN Doc. A/RES/56/83 (28 January 2002). 97 Most recently in the UN GA Res 68/104, UN Doc. A/RES/68/104 (18 December 2013). 98 ICRC Rules (n 11), Rule 144. 99 See, for instance: ICRC, Commentary on the Third Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Pictet ed,1960) 18; Y Sandoz, C Swinarski, and B Zimmermann (eds), Commentary on the Additional Protocols (1987), [45]; and ICRC Rules (n 11), 509-510. See also: Advisory Opinion Concerning Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory [2004] ICJ Rep 136 (‘Wall Advisory Opinion’) [159]. 100 Wall Advisory Opinion (n 99), [159]. 101 Ibid. 102 That is, the political entity founded in 1992 which in 2003 came to be called the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro and in 2006 dissolved into the separate States of Montenegro and the Republic of Serbia. The FRY is to be distinguished from the previous State known as the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945-1963). 103 Ibid. 104 Ibid. 105 Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, UN Doc. A/HRC/31/57 (5 January 2016), [54]-[57]. 106 Committee against Torture, Mrs A v Bosnia and Herzegovina (Communication no 854/2017), 22 August 2019, UN Doc CAT/C.67/ D/854/2017. 107 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women, General Recommendation No 19: Violence Against Women, UN Doc. A/47/3 8 (1992). 108 Human Rights Committee, General Comment 20, UN Doc. HRI/GEN/1/Rev.9 (10 March 1992), [2]. 109 Elmi (n 22); HMNI (n 22). 110 Committee Against Torture, General Comment 2, UN Doc. CAT/C/GC/2 (24 January 2008), [18]. 111 Territorial jurisdiction is recognized as the primary basis of State responsibility at human rights law: see Bankovic v Belgium and ors [2001] ECHR 890 (GC); (2007) 44 EHRR SE5, [59]; and Ilascu and ors v Moldova and Russia [2004] ECHR 318 (GC); (2005) 40 EHRR 46, [312]. 112 Al-Skeini v United Kingdom [2011] ECHR 1093 (GC); (2011) 53 EHRR 18 (‘Al-Skeini’), [134]; Öcalan v Turkey [2005] ECHR 282 (GC); (2003) 37 Review 1, 23; S Besson, ‘The Extraterritoriality of the European Convention on Human Rights: Why Human Rights Depend on Jurisdiction 113 Al-Skeini (n 112) [138]. See also situations of external arrest of persons: Ocalan (n 112(; Hassan v United Kingdon app no 29650/09 (ECtHR, 16 September 2014). 114 M Milanovic, ‘The Murder of Jamal Khashoggi: Immunities, Inviolability, and the Human Right to Life’ (2020) 20(1) Human Rights Law Review 1, 23; S Besson, ‘The Extraterritoriality of the European Convention on Human Rights: Why Human Rights Depend on Jurisdiction and What Jurisdiction Amounts to’ (2012) 25 Leiden Journal of International law 857, 874-876. 115 Y Shany, ‘Taking Universality Seriously: A Functional Approach to Extraterritoriality in International Human Rights Law’ (2013) 7 The Law & Ethics of Human Rights 47. 116 Human Rights Committee, General Comment No 36, UN Doc. CCPR/C/GC/36 (30 October 2018), [63] 117 Al-Skeini (n 112), Concurring Opinion of Judge Bonello, [10]-[13]. 118 Human Rights Council, Annex to the Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions: Investigations into the Unlawful Death of Mr Jamal Khashoggi, UN Doc. A/HRC/42/CRP.1 (19 June 2019), [360]. 49 RIGHTS & SECURITY INTERNATIONAL