Jewish settler-colonial regime. With its arsenal of discriminatory legislation, military orders and regulations designed to conceal its true intentions, Israel, to a great degree, has been able to achieve: • The control, manipulation and re-orientation of the road network to ensure that Israeli-Jewish colonies throughout Mandatory Palestine grow and prosper, both enabling and reinforcing economic and political domination. This allows Israel to encircle and bypass Palestinian cities and communities, concentrate them into enclaves, prevent their natural expansion, and sever connections to land, markets and other Palestinian localities. Through this, Israel decimates Palestinian local economies and forcibly increases dependence on Israeli-Jewish colonies and markets, which in turn increases Israel’s capacity to control and restrict political identity and activity. • The intentional obstruction of roads, renovation and infrastructure projects, such as train lines, road upgrades, and the opening of additional traffic junctions, that would allow or improve connectivity between Palestinian communities. Instead, roads remain in poor condition, littered with checkpoints, entail long and inefficient diversions, and are subject to significant traffic and congestion, which disincentivizes travel, escalates the associated costs and constraints of the Palestinian economy and overall connectedness. • The denial of or restricted access to an inefficient public transportation system with many pre-existing bus and train lines dismantled and decommissioned by Israel. Palestinians are left beholden to the alternative modes of public transport dictated by Israel for the benefit of the Israeli-Jewish population, or reliant on inefficient and indirect Palestinian transport options or private cars, which both have to grapple with crippling congestion, lengthy travel times, and prohibitive costs. Alternatively, Palestinians are confined to their immediate vicinity to avoid using a hostile, dangerous, and sometimes forbidden road system which has been efficiently designed to facilitate movement between Israeli-Jewish colonies, which ultimately coerces Palestinians into the Israeli-Jewish economy. Notably, all these actions conspicuously fall under the scope of apartheid practices as listed under Article 2 of the Apartheid Convention,388 and prohibited under Article 3 of the CERD.389 More pertinently, they are 388 Convention on Apartheid, supra 34, art.2. 389 ICERD, supra 43, art.3. 98