committees in the West Bank allow full participation by colonizers and deny any participation from Palestinians in Area C.49 • Physical level such as roads, security and military zones, the style of architecture, the location and nature of the facilities, among others, are used to keep Palestinians physically separated from Israeli-Jews. For example, roads with their associated security zone areas are strategically located to ensure mandated but inconspicuous divides between communities.50 Additionally, in 1948 Palestine,51 primary schools are segregated by language which then feed into a segregated secondary and tertiary education system that is largely inaccessible to Palestinians as a result of underfunding, inadequate Hebrew-language teaching and geographic location.52 • Socio-cultural level which encompasses the racist-colonial ideology of Zionism underpinning the Israeli regime, that operates to exclude from and/or subjugate Palestinians in public, national, political and religious discourse. • Economic level whereby Palestinians are used and discarded by the Israeli regime as its political, economic and developmental needs dictate, with Palestinians systematically prevented from reaching their full economic capacity and properly accessing their natural resources.53 49 See Human Rights Watch [HRW], Separate and Unequal: Israel’s Discriminatory Treatment of Palestinians in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (HRW, 2010), 41-42, available at: https://www.hrw. org/sites/default/files/reports/iopt1210webwcover_0.pdf. Other examples include the Custodian of Absentee Property that is vested with the power to manage absentees’ properties – including by issuing dispossession certificates and stopping work and demolition orders – while the absentees are bestowed very restricted leeway, always requiring the Custodian’s consent, See Absentee Property Law, 5710-1950, LSI no.37, 20 March 1950 (Isr.); religious councils in Jewish-Israeli towns assisting residents in religious matters, with no parallel for non-Jewish communities, See Jewish Religious Services Law, 5731-1971, LSI no.50 (Isr.), English translation available at: https://www.adalah.org/ uploads/oldfiles/Public/files/Discriminatory-Laws-Database/English/29-Religious-Jewish-ServicesLaw-1971.pdf; District Committees for Planning and Construction not being required to comprise Arab-Palestinian representatives, See Planning and Building Law, 5725-1965, LSI no.79 (Isr.), English translation available at: https://www.adalah.org/uploads/oldfiles/Public/files/Discriminatory-LawsDatabase/English/07-National-Planning-Building-Law-1965.pdf 50 See Abdul Arafat and Evana Wael, ‘’The Wall, Bypass Roads and the Dual Transportation System in Palestine,’’ International Journal of Planning, Urban and Sustainable Development 6, no.2 (2019), available at: https://fada.birzeit.edu/bitstream/20.500.11889/5874/1/101_2.pdf 51 The term “1948 Palestine” as defined in BADIL’s Survey of Palestinian Refugees and IDPs (9th Edition) 2015-2018 refers to the territory of Mandatory Palestine that was occupied by Zionist – Israeli forces in 1947-1949. Today, this territory is called Israel. Palestinians residing in this area generally hold Israeli citizenship. See BADIL, Survey 2016-2018, supra 9, vii. 52 See Ismael Abu-Saad, ‘’Palestinian Education in the Israeli Settler State: Divide, Rule, and Control,” Settler Colonial Studies 9, no.1 (2019). 53 See Clarno, supra 5. 19