Schmid Comparative Migration Studies
(2020) 8:25
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Table 1 Overview of the analytical framework and its empirical implications
Logic
Variants
Relevance
Economic
logic of the
market
Open
Transnational
labour markets
Closed
Protectionist
national labour
markets
Legal logic
of the liberal
state
Liberal
Independent
and strong judicial
review
Illiberal
Non-independent
and weak judicial
review
Liberal
Democratic rights
extended to
immigrants
Illiberal
Democratic rights
reserved for natives
Inclusive
Inclusive national
identities
Exclusive
Exclusive national
identities
Democratic
logic of the
liberal state
Cultural
logic of the
nation
Globalisation
Constraints
Immigration
Regime
Citizenship
Regime
High
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Tendency
Immigration
Regime
Citizenship
Regime
Strong liberal
tendency
Convergent
Weak liberal
tendency
Non-convergent
normative model that corresponds most closely to this regime is liberal communitarianism (the classic statement is Walzer 1983, ch. 2) and can be abbreviated as closedinclusive.
The diametrically opposing normative ideal-type is neo-liberal utilitarianism (see e.g.
Ruhs 2013): Immigration is liberalised, but citizenship is exclusive; it is open-exclusive.
By emphasizing economic openness to harness the benefits of globalisation, while at
the same time controlling its impact on the fabric of the national political community
by keeping or making citizenship exclusive, the neo-liberal regime type resembles the
notion of the liberal paradox (Hollifield 2004).
The typology is completed by liberal cosmopolitanism and its counterpart illiberal
nativism. The former combines open labour markets with rights to family reunification
and the right to humanitarian protection and asylum as well as inclusive citizenship
(see e.g. Carens 2013). This open-inclusive policy configuration thus embodies the resolution of the liberal paradox and has been abbreviated as the ‘Liberal Model’ (Boucher
and Gest 2018). Illiberal nativism has relatively closed borders, and its citizenship is
relatively exclusive; it is closed-exclusive. The ‘Market Model’ (Boucher and Gest 2018)
is selectively open but exclusive and thus can be located in between the illiberal and
the neo-liberal model. Figure 1 summarises this typology.
If IRO and CRI indeed increase over time, we can expect that more and more cases
should be open-inclusive. However, if the liberalising and convergent tendency is indeed stronger for immigration regimes, the continued non-convergence in CRI should
also lead to a substantial number of open-exclusive cases.
Data and methods
To measure the various components of Immigration Regime Openness (IRO), this article uses data of the Immigration Policies in Comparison project (IMPIC; Helbling