2.2 The Potential Challenges to Signature and Ratification Even when the ACHPR Protocol on the Right to a Nationality offers clear benefits, a number of political, administrative, and social factors could delay or block a State from signing or ratifying it. These challenges often relate to how governments view nationality, how their institutions function, and how the public understands issues of belonging. One of the most common challenges is limited political will. Nationality is often tied to questions of identity, citizenship politics, and national security. Because of this, some governments may treat the issue as politically sensitive or potentially controversial. When leadership is focused on economic instability, elections, or security concerns, statelessness is easily pushed aside and may not be viewed as urgent. Another challenge arises from concerns about sovereignty. Some States believe that ratifying a treaty might limit their control over nationality matters. Even though treaties like the ACHPR Protocol on the Right to a Nationality actually strengthen responsible State authority rather than weaken it, the perception that their discretion will be reduced can slow down or undermine the ratification process. Administrative and legal complexity also plays a significant role. Before ratifying a treaty, many countries must review and sometimes amend their laws to ensure they align with the new obligations. This can be time consuming and requires technical expertise, coordination across different ministries, and approval from Parliament or other national bodies. These steps often move slowly within government systems. Capacity and resource limitations can also discourage governments from proceeding. Implementing the Protocol involves strengthening civil registration, improving documentation systems, and establishing or updating nationality determination procedures. These reforms require funding, staffing, training, and institutional support, which some States fear they may not be able to sustain. In some contexts, governments hesitate because ratification would require expanding rights for marginalised groups. Where discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, race, or migration status is deeply embedded in law or practice, officials may resist reforms that promote equality. This is especially true where such changes challenge long standing power structures or social attitudes. Finally, limited public awareness and competing national priorities can slow progress. Statelessness is often invisible and poorly understood. It is frequently confused with irregular migration or seen as an issue affecting only a small or marginalised group. Without strong public understanding or pressure, governments may focus on other priorities and overlook the importance of signing or ratifying the ACHPR Protocol on the Right to a Nationality. 34