rights, and international cooperation. By drawing on these comparisons, lessons could be learned about the challenges faced by countries that have adopted similar legal frameworks and those that have not, and the ways in which national sovereignty and political considerations impact the protection of stateless persons. In conclusion, while the Philippines' statutory determination of statelessness and comprehensive legal framework represent significant progress in the protection of stateless individuals, the practical challenges of implementation cannot be ignored. Limited state resources, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and the gap between legal protections and lived experiences of stateless persons point to the need for ongoing evaluation and reform. Additionally, a comparative perspective on the effectiveness of the Philippine model, alongside the experiences of other Asian countries, could further refine strategies for addressing statelessness in the region. Moreover, Stateless Persons Act provides clear rights of refugees and stateless persons. The two groups must obey laws of the Republic of the Philippines, maintain the national security and cause no disturbance to the country order, as the conditions that are indispensable to entry and permanent stay of the Republic of the Philippines territory. The following rights are expressed as follows: Table 2. Rights of Refugees and Stateless Persons No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rights of Refugees The right not to be returned to a country where they face serious threats to life or freedom The right to practice their religion and to provide religious education for their children The right to recognition of personal status, the right to marry, and respect for family relations The right to acquire personal property, enter into lease agreements or contracts The right to recognition and respect for refugee property rights concerning discoveries, designs, models, trademarks, trade names, and literary, artistic, and scientific rights The right to join non-political associations, including organizations working in the field of human rights and humanitarian assistance The right to access legal remedies in courts and quasi-judicial bodies The right to engage in self-employment and wage-earning employment, subject to labor restrictions for the protection of the national labor market The right to an adequate standard of living, housing, and medical needs, and subsistence support not less than that granted to underprivileged Filipino citizens Rights of Stateless Persons The right to receive the same recognition as generally given to foreigners The right not to be forcibly expelled from the territory of the Philippines The right to personal status regulated by the law of their residence The right to property, including intellectual property rights, shall not be diminished compared to what is granted to foreigners in general The right to be treated equally in relation to participation in wage-earning employment The right to obtain travel and identity documents in the territory of the Philippines The right not to be expelled except on grounds of national security and public interest The right to join non-political and nonprofit associations The right to access legal remedies in courts and quasi-judicial bodies ISSN 2776-1266 (print), 2776-1266 (online) Copyright © 2026, Journal of Public Representative and Society Provision Under the license CC BY-SA 4.0 | 189