3. The legal frameworks and their implementation in practice This section examines the applicable international and national legal frameworks of relevance to the regulation of citizenship. It also looks into the framework for civil registration, which is often key to obtaining proof of identity and important life events necessary for the acquisition of Cambodian nationality. 5 3.1. International legal frameworks ratified numerous international human rights treaties which impose certain obligations with regards to nationality and/or birth registration and has ratified most of the core international human rights treaties, as well as the 1951 Refugee Convention. These treaties form part of the national law of Cambodia through the Constitution of the Kingdom of Cambodia (under Article 31, which guarantees human rights) and related constitutional decisions. Article 15 of the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Rights enshrines the universal norm that ‘everyone has a right to a nationality’. A consequence of this right is the increasing international attention to addressing the status of those who are stateless. Cambodia is not party to either of the two statelessness conventions. It has neither ratified the 1954 Convention, which establishes the legal definition of a stateless persons and sets out minimum standards of treatment for stateless persons, nor the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (‘1961 Convention’), which aims to prevent statelessness and reduce it over time, including by requiring states to establish certain safeguards in their nationality laws. However, Cambodia has For instance, Cambodia has ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) and the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), which are widely ratified in the region and globally. These treaties contain important obligations pertinent to the prevention of statelessness. Article 9(1) of CEDAW obligates state parties to ‘grant women equal rights with men to acquire, change or retain their nationality’ and therefore requires them to ensure that ‘neither marriage to an alien nor change of nationality by the husband during marriage shall automatically change the nationality of the wife, render her stateless or force upon her the nationality of the husband.’ In addition, Article 9(2) of CEDAW obligates