20 11 Violent incidents between Buddhists and Muslims in Rakhine State spiral into targeted, state-sanctioned attacks on Rohingya and other Muslims in 13 of 17 townships in the state, ultimately displacing more than 200,000 Rohingya. More than 125,000, mostly displaced Rohingya, are confined to dozens of internment camps throughout the state. 20 12 Myanmar authorities under President Thein Sein begin a “citizenship verification” process targeting displaced Rohingya in Rakhine State, identifying them as “Bengali” or “Bengali/Islam.” 20 14 Myanmar conducts a national census that deliberately excludes Rohingya Muslims. 2012-2015 More than 170,000 mostly Rohingya flee Rakhine State and the Bangladesh border area, boarding ships largely operated by human trafficking syndicates. Mass graves of Rohingya trafficking victims discovered in Thailand and Malaysia. Myanmar’s NLD transitions to power. Aung San Suu Kyi becomes State Counsellor, de facto head of state, circumventing the 2008 military-drafted constitution that effectively barred her from the presidency. The NLD government rebrands the ICNV process as National Verification Cards (NVCs) and establishes the Rakhine State Peace and Development Central Committee to issue NVCs. The military-backed Union Solidarity and Development Party wins flawed national elections and former military general Thein Sein becomes President. JUNE 25 20 15 20 16 Myanmar government begins issuing Identity Cards of National Verification (ICNV), ostensibly to identify applicants who meet requirements for citizenship under the 1982 Citizenship Law. Some Rohingya are coerced to accept the cards, that confer no rights Myanmar government bars Rohingya from voting or running for office in national elections, and the opposition National League for Democracy (NLD) fails to field a single Muslim candidate. The NLD wins in a landslide victory, gaining a parliamentary majority. OCTOBER 9 Rohingya militants kill nine Myanmar police officers in Maungdaw and Rathedaung townships. Myanmar security forces raze dozens of villages in Maungdaw Township, killing, raping, and arresting Rohingya en masse, forcing the displacement of more than 90,000 Rohingya to Bangladesh during the next two months.