Findings I.  Consumption and Poverty25 12.  More than half of the Shona community population is poor, and they are 17 percentage points more likely to be poorer than the average Kenyan national. About 53 percent of the Shona population lives below the national poverty line of US$59.95 per month, which is higher than the national average of 36 percent (p<0.01) and national urban average of 29 percent (p<0.01; Figure 1; see Figure B.1 for international poverty rate). This is also true at the county level, the Shona community living in Nairobi is almost three times poorer than their national counterparts (49 percent vs. 17 percent, p<0.01) while in Kiambu, 56 percent of them are poor compared to 25 percent of Kenyans living in that county (p<0.01). 13. As a result of the higher poverty headcount, the incidence and depth of poverty are greater among the Shona community than among Kenyans. The poverty gap is greater for the Shona community than for nationals (17 percent vs. 10 percent, p<0.01; Figure 2). For the Shona community and Kenyans living in Kiambu, the poverty gap for the stateless population is about two times the nationals’ BOX 3 Poverty calculation Poverty is defined as a level of consumption at which a person’s minimum basic needs cannot be met. Three measures of poverty are used in this report—the poverty headcount, poverty gap, and poverty severity. Poverty headcount, the most widely used poverty metric, simply measures the proportion of the population that is poor. Poverty gap estimates the average extent by which poor individuals fall below the poverty line, expressed as a percentage of the poverty line. Simply put, the poverty gap indicates how far away the poor are from escaping poverty and can also be considered a very crude measurement of the cost of eliminating monetary poverty. Poverty gap squared measures the severity of poverty by considering inequality among the poor. It is simply a weighted sum of poverty gaps, where the weights are the proportionate poverty gaps themselves. This report uses the national poverty line for urban areas since all the study areas are classified as urban—thus households and individuals are considered to be poor if their monthly adult equivalent total consumption expenditure per person is less than K Sh 5,995 (or US$59.95 PPP). 25 Graphs and charts for Shona estimates were created based on the Shona SES 2019 data. Graphs and charts depicting national information were created based on the KIHBS 2015/2016, (KNBS 2015/16). Comparisons between Shona and nationals include significance levels reported as p-values with 1 percent (p<.01) and 5 percent (p<.05) levels considered significant. Error bars in graphs display standard error estimates. As the Shona data represent a population census, neither error bars nor p values are included for comparisons between Shona only. 7 10183_Shona Report.indd 7 12/14/20 2:56 PM