register births and obtain a birth certificate, parents must pay fees and bribes of up to 200,000 MMK (over US$100). Only parents who hold either a National Registration Card (an identity card held by some Rohingya) or NVC card can register births. Parents are thus constrained to apply for an NVC in accordance with immigration procedures in order to register the birth of their child. Access to healthcare for Rohingya in Northern Rakhine State remains restricted. In Buthidaung township, Rohingya living in the town and surrounding area are reportedly allowed to access the hospital. However, Rohingya living in rural areas are dependent on medical assistance provided by INGOs, who do not have access to all areas of the township. In Maungdaw, Rohingya are allowed access to the hospital but report verbal abuse and neglect by nurses and doctors working under the SAC there. In February, a 17-year-old female Rohingya patient being treated for malaria was discharged after being unable to pay her medical bills and died at home. In Rathedaung township, the remaining Rohingya population following the military’s ‘clearance operations’ of 2016 and 2017 is around 10,000. In March, BROUK received information that Rohingya are not allowed to seek medical attention in Rathedaung hospital. Instead, they must seek permission from the Tatmadaw to travel to another township such as Buthidaung to access medical care, which is extremely difficult to obtain. INGOs that used to deliver medical care in the area have reportedly ceased operating since a staff member of the International Committee of the Red Cross was killed during clashes between the AA and the Tatmadaw in 2020. Such restrictions on access to health care are examples of the genocidal risk factor indicators of ‘discriminatory, segregational, restrictive or exclusionary practices, policies or legislation against protected groups’ as well as ‘targeted physical elimination, rapid or gradual, of members of a protected group.’ In its provisional measures order, the ICJ reiterated Myanmar’s obligations to prevent and punish acts of genocide ‘irrespective of… the fact that there may be an ongoing internal conflict between armed groups and the Myanmar military and that security measures are in place’.xlv In practice, the junta has continued to arbitrarily arrest and detain Rohingya men, a pattern of conduct identified by the UNFMM - particularly during periods of heightened tension.xlvi Such violations may constitute ‘causing serious bodily or mental harm to the members of the group’ when there is genocidal intent. In mid-April, around 60 soldiers conducted several raids in villages in Sittwe township and arrested two Rohingya men on suspicion of supporting the AA. Their whereabouts are currently unknown. In early May soldiers from Battalion 354 conducted similar raids in the Sittwe area and arrested 9 Rohingya men on suspicion of supporting the AA. All but two were later released after spending several days in military custody. In late April, around 100 soldiers surrounded a village in Buthidaung township and arrested a 26-year-old Rohingya man on suspicion of having ties with ARSA. Soldiers interrogated him for several hours in a nearby school before finally releasing him. In a similar incident a few days later, a group of 200 soldiers surrounded a village tract area in the township and arrested six Rohingya men on suspicion of having ties with ARSA and AA. Three were later released but the other three are currently being held at the Tatmadaw base in Buthidaung, where they are at serious risk of being tortured.xlvii In December, a 40-year-old Rohingya Imam was run over and killed by a military vehicle in Buthidaung town while returning from the market on his bicycle. In March, an 18-year-old Rohingya man was killed and his 20-year-old friend was seriously injured by a Tatmadaw landmine which exploded while they were cutting wood nearby a military outpost in the township. In January an 8-year-old Rohingya boy was also killed and a 7-year-old boy lost his legs in Mrauk Oo, after playing with a landmine which subsequently exploded.xlviii When Rohingya men, women and children have sought to flee the appalling conditions of life imposed on them by the military junta in Rakhine State, they have been arrested, detained and treated as criminals, further dehumanising them. Since 23 November 2021, BROUK has collected information about hundreds of Rohingya who have been arrested while trying to flee in multiple separate incidents.xlix Cases are usually brought under the 1949 Residents of Burma Registration Act (and 1951 Resident of Burma Registration Rules), which carries a maximum penalty of two years in jail with hard labour, or under Article 13(1) of the 1947 Burma Immigration (Emergency Provisions) Act).l Such cases are widely reported in the local media, accompanied by photos released by the military authorities of those arrested. This furthers the junta’s 8