ChaChapter 1: Nationality and Statelessness obligations and some of the material which is used in the review process is included in the analysis in the forthcoming chapters. Moreover, under the auspices of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations, a Universal Periodic Review (UPR) procedure has been established whereby all states are held to account for their law, policy and action in all areas of human rights. This process, too, provides a welcome insight into where states could be improving their response to nationality questions and statelessness. At the regional level, it should be noted that the majority of instruments that are relevant to MENA states are not accompanied by a formal supervisory mechanism – with the exception of those adopted by the African Union and applicable to a number of the countries in North Africa – severely limiting the opportunities for in-region monitoring of states’ human rights commitments.43 A final issue to raise in the context of the international framework relating to statelessness is the role of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). As will become apparent over the course of this report, UNHCR is a significant source of information on statelessness and of guidance concerning how this phenomenon could or should 43 - The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, for instance, has a Committee of Experts 39