TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 8 1. INTRODUCTION 12 1.1. Nationality, statelessness, identity documents, and human rights 12 1.2. Objectives and focus of this Guide 12 1.3. The structure of this Guide 13 2. TERMINOLOGY 14 2.1. Statelessness 14 2.2. Nationality 15 2.3. “Nationality” or “citizenship”? 16 2.4. The modes of acquisition and loss of nationality 16 2.5. Civil registration, birth registration and legal identity 17 3. LITIGATION AS AN ADVOCACY STRATEGY 18 3.1. The impact of litigation 19 3.2. Impacts at national level 21 3.3. Impacts across borders 21 3.4. Impacts on the interpretation of international law 22 4. DEVELOPING A LITIGATION STRATEGY 23 4.1. Assessing the national context 24 4.2. Risks 27 4.3. What makes an effective advocacy ecosystem? 27 4.4. Resources 28 4.5. Choosing a Forum 28 4.6. Parties to the case: identifying complainants and respondents 31 4.7. Remedies I: Establishing the desired outcomes 33 5. CONSTRUCTING A CASE 4 35 5.1. Issue framing 36 5.2. Sources of law 39 5.3. Building the evidence for systemic change 43 5.4. Expert opinions 45 5.5. Third-party interventions 45 5.6. Remedies II: The detailed requests 48 U N H C R | L I T I G AT I N G T H E R I G H T T O A N AT I O N A L I T Y: A G U I D E F O R P R AC T I T I O N E R S