46 Eftychia Mylona One of my interlocutors, Giannis, noted that one of the main problems the Greek youth faced was that only a small proportion of them completed their higher education in Egypt. Most Greeks chose to study elsewhere (in Greece, for example). Studying outside Egypt disadvantaged them in the labor market compared to Egyptian nationals, who obtained their degrees from Egyptian universities or technical schools. Therefore, most Greeks were limited to working either in the Greek community’s institutions, in Greek companies, or companies operating in Egypt where employees with dual language skills (Greek and Arabic) were preferred.32 Indeed, until the late 1950s, the Greeks’ education was oriented less towards the Arabic language and more towards the Greek state, striving to keep strong connections to the Greek language and Christian Orthodox faith. In addition, the community’s schools, which primarily controlled the Greek community’s education, focused more on classical studies rather than technical training. Hence, in addition to the laws introduced by Nasser, the limitations derived from the Greek community’s education and broader environment, which reinforced their Greek identity more than the Egyptian one, also defined the relationship between young Greeks and Egyptian society and the labor market once they graduated from school.33 The 1956 Suez Canal War and the nationalizations that followed demarcated a period of government interventions. One year later, in 1957, the Egyptian state began its first five-year industrial plan focusing mainly on state enterprise. The government’s interventions intensified after 1961, although the private sector still performed most of the country’s economic activity. The nationalization of the Suez Canal by Nasser aimed to finance the Aswan High Dam project by using revenue from the canal. In October 1956, Israel crossed into the Sinai Peninsula with the encouragement of Britain and France. British and French planes began to bombard the canal zone, an event known in history as the “Suez Crisis.” The post-World War II situation had already created an unemployment crisis, which continued after the Suez Crisis. Indeed, once the Allies left Egypt after the war, a number of non-Egyptian enterprises, specifically bars and restaurants that employed Greeks, closed and dramatically affected foreign laborers’ prospects. Foreigners who were involved in military service and demobilized after the war also faced unemployment, as a new law reinforced and strengthened young Egyptians’ position in the labor market. 34 In addition, the position of non-nationals in the job market worsened in the late 1950s, as more Egyptianization laws were introduced. The Egyptianization laws 22, 23, and 24, passed in 1957,