In-Between Categories 49
of research, I do not know whether Nikolaos entered the Egyptian labor
market, making use of his Egyptian citizenship, as his father did, or
whether he departed in 1967 from Port Tawfik, as other Greeks did,
following the 1967 War. Indeed, even if he had decided to remain and
work in or around the Suez Canal region, it is likely that he left Egypt
eventually, as the 1973 Arab-Israeli War forced Greeks and others to
evacuate the canal. Because of the 1967 and 1973 wars, the canal
remained closed for navigation for eight years (1967–1975). As my
interlocutors commented, some of the Greeks who left the canal at that
time relocated mostly to Cairo but on a temporary basis. Greece became
the main destination for most of them, regardless of whether or not
they held Egyptian citizenship. Therefore, Egyptian citizenship did not
bind most Greeks to Egypt nor prevent the “return” of diaspora
Greeks, but instead mostly solved practical issues for the period they
lived there.40
Egypt-based international companies seemed to have similar
prerequisites with regard to Egyptian citizenship. Another
interlocutor, Michalis, commented that the international company
Shell obliged his brother-in-law, who was an employee there for many
years, to obtain Egyptian citizenship in order to keep his post. This
person applied for and obtained citizenship and hence was able to
remain in his post until 1973 when the war drove him, like others, from
the Suez Canal region.41
Indeed, as the archival records and the oral accounts testified,
Greek children in the Suez Canal region were able to obtain Egyptian
citizenship because of their parents’ work contracts. Furthermore,
political developments also influenced the access one could have to
citizenship and the strategies of Greeks working in the canal zone. As
an aftermath of the Suez Crisis, the Egyptian government expelled all
British and French nationals from Egypt. Among those nationals, many
Cypriots held British citizenship. Even though Decree 206 issued by
Nasser in 1956 exempted Greek Cypriots and Greek Jews from all
measures targeting British citizens in Egypt, many tried to change their
citizenship to Greek out of fear of possible expulsion. According to
archival records I examined, two out of five Cypriot children with
British citizenship written on their birth certificates appeared later as
Cypriot nationals on their student cards; others who had held Cypriot
citizenship in the past were given Greek papers to avoid expulsion.42
For example, the birth certificate of Themelina Zachariadou,
who was born in 1950 in Suez, stated that she was originally from
Cyprus and held Cypriot citizenship. However, when Themelina was
a teenager attending the second grade of gymnasium at the community