1646 Jo Shaw All of these reflections raise a more general question about whether the pandemic could lead to a substantial reshaping of patterns of citizenship acquisition and loss and the increasingly transnational character of citizenship for many people. Dual and even multiple citizenship arises for a variety of reasons including by birth, via various forms of ordinary residence-based naturalization and registration for migrants and their families, and via facilitated naturalization for certain privileged groups of non-residents. State tolerance of dual citizenship has increased dramatically since the Second World War, and gradual liberalization continues in some parts of the world.60 Peter Spiro does not see any serious likelihood of the trend towards wider acceptance of dual citizenship being reversed in the post-pandemic world, even though much of the normal churn of immigration-related mobility did grind to a halt as a result of travel restrictions at least in the earlier phases of the pandemic. However, he acknowledges that in relation to one segment of the dual citizenship universe, that is, the conferral of citizenship upon non-residents in return for an investment, the impact of the pandemic on mobility is likely to have at least a short-term effect, as these types of “luxury good” citizenships no longer confer travel privileges in the same way in a world that has been, at least temporarily, less mobile even for the most privileged groups.61 Yet, neither he nor Kristin Surak62 see that market as likely to be substantially impinged upon in the longer term. Surak suggests adjustments so that residence by investment rather than non-resident citizenship, with its connotations of a safe haven, becomes potentially the most desirable good for the superwealthy to purchase. Meanwhile, Jelena Džankić suggests that thus far the impacts of the pandemic upon states may have been underestimated and a different type of cost-benefit analysis may flow if states become more protective of their borders and healthcare systems.63 Yet, by definition, investor residents and citizens are supposed to be net payers, and under conditions where states have lost other types of conventional tourism income—for example, in the Caribbean—investment citizenship may seem doubly desirable. That speaks to the supply side of the equation. Judging the demand side is a tricky task, not least because this is a group that remains hard to research.64 These possible effects in relation to acquisition and loss of citizenship, however, stand at the opposite end of the spectrum to where the primary concern of this article lies, namely with the potentially exclusionary effects of the pandemic on those for whom even a single effective citizenship is a chimera in the distance. For the latter groups, it is clear that delays in birthright registration and restrictions on immigration during the pandemic have the potential to exacerbate existing inequalities in relation to access to the public goods associated with citizenship as membership. It is to the wider framing of that latter point on immigration, namely pandemic (im) mobilities, that we now turn. D. (Im)mobility in a Pandemic The pandemic has given rise to a dramatic reduction in mobility, according to data available from mobile phone companies and transportation authorities.65 Far-reaching governmental measures 60 See Peter Spiro, Multiple Citizenship, in THE OXFORD HANDBOOK OF CITIZENSHIP 621, 631–34 (Ayelet Shachar et al. ed., Oxford Univ. Press 2017). 61 Peter Spiro, COVID-19 and the Future of Dual Citizenship, GLOBALCIT (May 15, 2020), https://globalcit.eu/covid-19and-the-future-of-dual-citizenship/. 62 Kristin Surak, How COVID-19 Will Transform the Market in Investment Migration, GLOBALCIT (June 5, 2020), https:// globalcit.eu/how-covid-19-will-transform-the-market-in-investment-migration/. 63 See Jelena Džankić, Will the Global Market for Investor Citizenship Survive COVID-19?, GLOBALCIT (May 21, 2020), https://globalcit.eu/will-the-global-market-for-investor-citizenship-survive-covid-19/. 64 Kristin Surak, Millionaire Mobility and the Sale of Citizenship, 47 J. ETHNIC & MIGRATION STUD. 166 (2020). See also JELENA DŽANKIĆ, THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR INVESTOR CITIZENSHIP (Palgrave, 2019). 65 Nouvellet P, Bhatia S, Cori A, Ainslie KEC, Baguelin M, Bhatt S, Boonyasiri A, Brazeau NF, Cattarino L, Cooper LV, Coupland H, Cucunuba ZM, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, Dighe A, Djaafara BA, Dorigatti I, Eales OD, van Elsland SL, Nascimento FF, FitzJohn RG, Gaythorpe KAM, Geidelberg L, Green WD, Hamlet A, Hauck K, Hinsley W, Imai N, Jeffrey B, Knock E, Laydon DJ, Lees JA, Mangal T, Mellan TA, Nedjati-Gilani G, Parag KV, Pons-Salort M, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Riley S, Unwin HJT, Verity R, Vollmer https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2021.77 Published online by Cambridge University Press