sures shall extend to “treatment and follow-up of instances of child maltreatment… and, as appropriate, for judicial involvement”.284 States shall “take all appropriate measures to promote physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration of a child victim of any form of neglect, exploitation, or abuse; torture or any other form of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; or armed conflicts”.285 147. The Security Council has also reflected on these obligations, especially in its resolutions on children and armed conflict. The Council has stressed the primary role of Governments in providing protection and relief to all children affected by armed conflict.286 States are encouraged “to focus on longterm and sustainable reintegration and rehabilitation for children affected by armed conflict”.287 In this regard, the Council has urged all parties concerned, including Member States, United Nations entities and financial institutions to support national institutions and local civil society networks “for advocacy, protection and rehabilitation of children affected by armed conflict to ensure the sustainability of local child-protection initiatives”.288 284 Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), art. 19(2); The article is considered as directly relevant to the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict. See Committee on the Rights of the Child, general comment No. 13 (2011), para. 7(a). 285 Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), art. 39. 286 Security Council resolution 2427 (2018), seventh preambular para.; Security Council resolution 2225(2015), seventh preambular para. 287 Security Council resolution 2427 (2018), para. 26. 288 Security Council resolution 1612 (2005), para. 17; Security Council resolution 2427 (2018), para. 37. 148. Furthermore, in its resolution 2396 (2017), the Security Council recognized the particular importance of providing timely and appropriate reintegration and rehabilitation assistance to “children associated with foreign terrorist fighters returning or relocating from conflict zones, including through access to health care, psychosocial support and education programmes that contribute to the well-being of children.”289 Critically, the resolution encourages States to develop appropriate legal safeguards to ensure that prosecution, rehabilitation and reintegration strategies concerning children are in compliance with international law obligations, and tailored to their needs.290 Children recruited and used by armed groups 149. The Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict prohibits the recruitment and use of anyone under 18 years of age by armed groups (and armed forces).291 The Optional Protocol requires States parties to prevent the recruitment or use in hostilities of children within their jurisdiction and support reintegration by providing such children with “all appropriate assistance for their physical and psychological recovery and their social integration”.292 In relation to children affected by the foreign fighter phenomenon, especially those who were recruited 289 Security Council resolution 2396 (2017), para. 36. 290 Ibid., para. 37. 291 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict (2000), art. 4. 292 Ibid., art. 6 (3). 67.