S TAT E L E S S B Y D E C R E E Endnotes 1. Kuwait News Agency (KUNA) - An Amiri decree was issued to form the Supreme Committee for Kuwaiti Citizenship Verification, 27 May 2024, https://www.kuna.net.kw/ ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3154754&Language=ar accessed 15 August 2025 2. The New Arab, From Citizen to Stateless: Kuwaitʼs Mass Revocation Campaign Growsʼ, 15 April 2025, https://www.newarab.com/news/prominent-figures-among-42000-strippedkuwaiti-citizenship , accessed 5 May 2025 3. France 24 / Bahar Makooi, ʻStateless Overnightʼ: Authoritarian Crackdown Strips 42,000 Kuwaitis of Nationality, 15 March 2025, https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20250315an-authoritarian-shi�-in-kuwait-stripps-42-000-citizens-of-their-nationality , accessed 5 May 2025 4. Al Wasat / Rawda Samy - Kuwait New Nationality Law 2026 Decree Issued Regarding Foreign Marriage and Dual Citizenship, 14 April 2026, at https://en.alwast.net/arab/kuwaitnew-nationality-law-2026/ accessed 15 July 2026. 5. For example, the government continued to use pre-existing provisions in the Penal and Press codes as well as the Cybercrime Law to silence or imprison critics and ensure media platformsʼ silence or self-censorship. The government continued to restrict civil society. In 2024, according to Amnesty International - Annual report covering 2024: Kuwait, https:// www.amnesty.org/en/location/middle-east-and-north-africa/middle-east/kuwait/reportkuwait/, accessed 17 November 2025, “the government used ʻstate securityʼ laws to prosecute and imprison its critics, including former members of Kuwaitʼs parliament – the National Assembly – [...] suppressing freedom of expression.” In addition, migrant workers continued to be at risk of abuse; the GoK carried out executions for the third consecutive year. 6. Omar Al Jasser and Nathan Brown, ʻWill Kuwaitʼs Parliamentary Democracy Be Restored, Reformed, or Repudiated?ʼ, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 13 March 2025, https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2025/03/kuwaits-parliament-suspension-Amirdemocracy?lang=en , (Last Accessed: 30 May 2025). 7. Paragraph 15, in United Nations, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2024) Summary Record of the 2071st Meeting, https://docs.un.org/en/CEDAW/C/ SR.2071 accessed 30 May 2025 and 18 January 2026. The independent expert who expressed this concern was Nahla Haidar, from Lebanon. 8. United Nations - International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 16 December 1966, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenantcivil-and-political-rights accessed 10 August 2025 9. The Economist - Gulf rulers are desperate to prove they are in fact strongmen / Unable to control external threats, they are squeezing their own people, 4 June 2026, at https://www. economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2026/06/04/gulf-rulers-are-desperate-to-prove-theyare-in-fact-strongmen (paywall protected), accessed 16 July 2026 73