CRITICAL ASIAN STUDIES 177 2020, where an early version of this article was presented, and a workshop on “Cyclical Specters of Conflict in Southeast Asia” at Stockholm University in 2024 organized by Tomas Cole and the Department of Anthropology. They also thank the two anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments and feedback on an earlier draft of the manuscript. We would also like to thank Robert Shepherd for his detailed comments, edits, and guidance in the editorial process. Funding The archival research on Myanmar for this article was funded by the Swedish Research Council Starting Grant in Development Studies (2022-04861), “Tracing Citizenship and Displacement: New Faces of Statelessness in Myanmar.” About the Authors Elizabeth L. Rhoads is a researcher and Visiting Senior Lecturer at the Centre for East and SouthEast Asian Studies, Department of History, Lund University, Sweden. Her current research on histories of citizenship and displacement in and from Myanmar is funded by the Swedish Research Council. Ritanjan Das is a University Lecturer in contemporary South Asian politics at the Leiden University Institute of Area Studies in the Netherlands. His primary area of interest is the political economy of development in contemporary India and South Asia. His most recent work explores questions of identity, sovereignty, marginalization, and democratic deficits in South Asia. ORCID Elizabeth L. Rhoads http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0390-7217 Ritanjan Das http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7030-0565 References Constituent Assembly Debates (CAD), Vols. I, IX. Alam, Jobair. 2018. “The Rohingya of Myanmar: Theoretical significance of the minority status.” Asian Ethnicity 19(2): 180–210. Amnesty International UK. 2019. “India: Crackdown on Citizenship Act Protests Must Stop.” December 19. Accessed July 10, 2023: https://www.amnesty.org.uk/press-releases/indiacrackdown-peaceful-citizenship-act-protests-must-stop Amrith, Sunil. 2013. Crossing the Bay of Bengal: The Furies of Nature and the Fortunes of Migrants. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Amrith, Sunil. 2018. “Struggles for Citizenship around the Bay of Bengal.” In The Postcolonial Moment in South and Southeast Asia, edited by Gyan Prakash, M. Laffan and N. Menon, 107–120. London: Bloomsbury. Andrews, Thomas. 2023. “Bangladesh must suspend pilot project to return Rohingya refugees to Myanmar: UN expert” United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), June 8. Accessed March 30, 2024: https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/ 06/bangladesh-must-suspend-pilot-project-return-rohingya-refugees-myanmar-un. Arendt, Hannah. 1951. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Arraiza, José-María, Phyu Zin Aye, and Marina Arraiza Shakirova. 2020. “Fighting Imagined Invasions with Administrative Violence: Racism, Xenophobia and Nativism as a Cause of Statelessness in Myanmar, the Dominican Republic and Assam (India).” Statelessness & Citizenship Review 2 (2): 195–221.