ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This briefing paper is published by the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, in association with the UN Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance (“UN Special Rapporteur on Racism”). The paper was designed and coordinated by Natalie Brinham. It has been co-authored by Natalie Brinham, Jessica Field, Anubhav Tiwari, Jaivet Ealom, Jose Arraiza and Amal de Chickera, with input from the UN Special Rapporteur on Racism. E. Tendayi Achiume. The paper complements the 10 November 2020 report A/75/590 of the UN Special Rapporteur on Racism to the UN General Assembly. The paper also draws on the expertise and inputs of other partners from within the Rohingya community. The paper was proofread and finalised for publication by Georgia Field, with assistance from Gabriella Herraiz. Design and layout by Alena Jascanka, with assistance from Ellis Leahy. Author Profiles Anubhav Dutt Tiwari is a PhD Candidate at the Faculty of Law, Monash University (Australia), and a Lecturer (on leave) at Jindal Global Law School, O.P. Jindal Global University (India). His research focusses on the intersections between law, citizenship and refugee lives. Jessica Field is a Lecturer in Humanitarian Studies at the Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, University College London (UK), and an Adjunct Associate Professor at O.P. Jindal Global University (India). Her research explores the politics and history of humanitarianism and refugee protection in India. Jaivet Ealom is originally from Myanmar and serves as the Chief Strategic Officer at the Canadian Rohingya Development Initiative. He is currently studying at the University of Toronto and is also the Community Manager at NeedsList, a public benefit corporation seeking to advance the humanitarian aid sector by leveraging AI. José María Arraiza is based in Madrid and holds a PhD from Åbo Akademi University. He is a researcher on minority issues specialising in legal identity and land rights. He has worked in the human rights field in research and peacekeeping since 1998 in conflict and post-conflict contexts such as Kosovo, East Timor and Myanmar. Natalie Brinham is a Programme Officer at ISI, working primarily on ISI’s Rohingya programme. She is also a PhD Candidate at the International State Crime Initiative (ISCI), Queen Mary University of London. She has worked for many years in NGOs in the U.K. and Southeast Asia on forced migration, trafficking and statelessness. Amal de Chickera is a Co-director and Co-founder of the Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion. A Sri Lankan lawyer, Amal has been working in the nationality rights field for over 12 years and has closely followed and worked on the Rohingya issue throughout this time. About the Institutes on Statelessness and Inclusion and this initiative. The Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion (ISI) is the first and the only human rights NGO dedicated to working on statelessness at the global level. Its Mission is to promote inclusive societies by realising and protecting the right to a nationality. The root causes of the depravations and marginalisation endured by the Rohingya community over multiple decades, are based on racist, discriminatory and xenophobic ideologies, laws and policies. While Myanmar is the source of these depravations, other countries have also failed to provide meaningful protection, status or rights to Rohingya, whether they fled to their country or were born there. In this context, a principled and sustained human rights framing of the challenges, which is rooted in the information, expertise and solutions put forward by Rohingya activists, and which challenges and shapes responses to the crisis by states, UN agencies, humanitarian actors and others, is much needed. This initiative aims to provide such a framing, through the production of briefing papers and other interventions on different human rights challenges. This is the second paper to be produced under this initiative. The first paper, published in August 2020, looked at the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Rohingya communities. 2