On The Protection Of Stateless Persons In Germany 43 the local Aliens Office can grant a toleration certificate if the deportation of an individual is impossible for legal or factual grounds.40 Legal grounds may include the danger of political prosecution and of inhuman treatment, the application of human rights law in cases of illness, a serious risk of suicide, or a compelling need to take care for a family member.41 Factual grounds include undetermined nationality, unclear identity, lack of travel documents, or noncooperation of the country of origin.42 Non-cooperation on the part of the alien is not a bar from obtaining a toleration certificate, although it will likely prevent a residence permit from being issued.43 A tolerated person may be granted access to the labor market after his deportation has been suspended for one year, subject to approval of the Federal Agency for Labor.44 The toleration is not a residence title of its own. In fact, it must be renewed frequently,45 does not confer any right of residence and the obligation to leave the country without delay continues to apply.46 The obligation to leave the country implies taking any necessary and reasonable steps to make the departure possible.47 The Duldung cannot be considered as an actual protection 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 In addition, there is another way for issuing a toleration certificate: the Ministers of the Interior of the Länder can order a temporary suspension of deportation with regard to a group of foreigners for ‘reasons of international law or humanitarian reasons’ or for pressing humanitarian or personal reasons. For a toleration order exceeding six months, the consent of the Federal Minister is needed. Such ‘deportation stoppages’ are a matter of political decisions and they are subject to judicial review only in exceptional cases. Bernd Parusel, ‘The Granting of Non-EU Harmonised Statuses in Germany. Research Study II/2009 in the framework of the European Migration Network (EMN)’ (2010) Federal Office for Migration and Refugees and EMN (Working Paper 30), 35. Bast (n 39) 63, 89. Bast (n 39) 89. Ibid. §32 Verordnung über die Beschäftigung von Ausländerinnen und Ausländern (Beschäftigungsverordnung, BeschV, Regulation on employement of aliens (Employment Regulation)) vom 6.06.2013 (BGBl I 2013, 1499); Bast, (n 39) 89; Parusel (n 40) 36. Claude Cahn, ‘Minorities, Citizenship and Statelessness in Europe’ (2012) 14 European Journal of Migration and Law, 297, 310. Bast (n 39). 79§ Aufenthaltsgesetz (AufentG, Residence Act) neugefasst durch Beschluss vom 25.02.2008 (BGBl I 2008, 162); zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 2 Abs 59 Gesetz vom 07.08.2013 (BGBl I 2013, 3154). See also: §60a(1) AufentG neugefasst durch Beschluss vom 25.02.2008 (BGBl I 2008, 162); zuletzt geändert durch Artikel 2 Abs 59 Gesetz vom 07.08.2013 (BGBl I 2013, 3154). Necessary and reasonable steps include providing travel documents or making applications for travel documents or cooperating for clarifying his identity. However, if the reason for the toleration is a legal barrier, a voluntary departure tilburg law review 19 (2014) 35-51