6 KIM v. RUSSIA JUDGMENT 31. Turning to the facts of the present case, the Court notes that the applicant spent two years and ten days in the detention centre for aliens, which appears to have been designed for short-term detention. This accounts for the rudimentary state of the centre’s facilities. There was no running water or toilets in the cells. Hygiene facilities were manifestly inadequate in relation to the number of detainees. Outdoor exercise was sporadic and of an extremely limited duration. The Court reiterates in this connection its well-established case-law that the mere fact of holding an applicant for a long period of time in an unadapted cell designed only for short-term detention discloses a violation of Article 3 (see Aslanis v. Greece, no. 36401/10, § 38, 17 October 2013, with further references; Kuptsov and Kuptsova v. Russia, no. 6110/03, §§ 69-72, 3 March 2011; Khristoforov v. Russia, no. 11336/06, §§ 23-27, 29 April 2010, and Shchebet v. Russia, no. 16074/07, §§ 84-96, 12 June 2008). 32. In addition, the detention centre for aliens was constantly and severely overcrowded. During the first one and a half years of his detention the applicant disposed of less than two square metres of personal space. In the final ten months his situation improved slightly, and periods of overcrowding, with eight people sharing the eighteen-square-metre cell, alternated with periods of relative normality when only four of them were present in the cell. However, the latter periods must be seen against the background of virtually non-existent outdoor exercise and deficient hygiene facilities. In previous cases where the applicants disposed of less than three square metres of personal space, the Court found that the overcrowding was severe enough to justify, in its own right, a finding of a violation of Article 3 of the Convention (see Ananyev and Others v. Russia, nos. 42525/07 and 60800/08, § 145, 10 January 2012). 33. The Government did not dispute the applicant’s account of the conditions of his detention. They also conceded that those conditions had fallen short of the standards set forth in Article 3 of the Convention. 34. The Court finds that the applicant had to endure conditions of detention which must have caused him considerable mental and physical suffering, diminishing his human dignity. The conditions of his detention thus amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment within the meaning of Article 3 of the Convention, even in the absence of any positive intention to humiliate or debase the applicant on the part of any domestic authority. 35. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention. II. ALLEGED VIOLATIONS OF ARTICLE 5 OF THE CONVENTION 36. The applicant complained that his detention pending expulsion had been in breach of Article 5 § 1 (f) of the Convention on account of its excessive length and the obvious impossibility to enforce the order for his