Statelessness & Citizenship Review 2019 1(1) so. 102 However, the lack of reported improvement is marginally more commonplace in rural areas. 103 When asked whether access to government healthcare services beyond the estate has improved since the 2003 grant of citizenship, the majority of interviewees (27/30) indicated that access has improved, with a near equal representation of women and men (14 women and 13 men) reporting this so as to suggest that there was no gendered division in terms of physical access. 104 Three interviewees were unable to comment due to a lack of experience using these services. However, two of the three who were unable to comment due to a lack of experience responded from a place of resignation when discussing personal access to healthcare services, one of whom was Kumuthuvalli, a 28-year-old female from Passara: ‘Those who are poor, still they live like that — either before or after citizenship. Those who have the money, they can improve their health, but for the poor, nothing changes’. 105 The other was her neighbour, Anandan, a 53 year-old male from Passara, who remarked: ‘We are living in isolation. For this reason we don’t know how to go to town and buy medicines or other things. We stay in this place only, because we don’t know of any changes’. 106 Though the words of two individuals do not indicate a trend, their lack of experience using healthcare services beyond the estate indicate a self-perceived sense of non-entitlement to a world outside the estate, and hence should not be overlooked. 2 Education The majority of questionnaire survey respondents indicated that access to schools outside one’s respective estate had improved since the 2003 grant of citizenship, with women predominating in this response. 107 However, more than three-quarters of those who responded ‘no’ when asked whether access to schools outside the estate had improved since 2003 are from Dickoya, indicating a serious lack of access to public education in this community despite their recently acquired citizenship. 108 102 It should be noted that 77 of 100 respondents (37 women and 40 men) indicated that they did have access to government healthcare services beyond the estate prior to 2003. See Figure 1. 103 See Figure 2. 104 Similarly, the majority of interviewees (13 female and 15 male) indicated that they did have 105 106 107 108 access to government healthcare services beyond the estate prior to the 2003 grant of citizenship. Interview with Anonymous (Patrick Balazo, 10 August 2016). Interview with Anonymous (Patrick Balazo, 10 August 2016). Figure 3. Figure 4. 20