liberal citizenship: ambiguities and inconsistencies33 representation and justice into new fields that include a multifaceted range of rights, privileges and responsibilities. Reflecting on this development, Isin contends: The rights (civil, political, social, sexual, ecological, cultural), sites (bodies, courts, streets, media, networks, borders), scales (urban, regional, national, transnational, international) and acts (voting, volunteering, blogging, protesting, resisting and organizing) through which subjects enact themselves (and others) as citizens need to be interpreted anew. … We need a new vocabulary of citizenship (Isin 2009, 368). This new vocabulary of citizenship requires an examination of the “acts of citizenship” to sketch both “those deeds by which actors constitute themselves (and others) as subjects of rights,” and the manner in which new and non-traditional political subjects are formed (Isin 2009, 371). Here, as in his other works, Isin notes: first, that actors in the arena of citizenship are not defined by their status as citizens and can include a range of legal or quasi-legal individuals or collectives; second, that acts which produce political subjects generate new areas of allegiance and struggle that are separate from conventional sites of citizenship (i.e., voting, jury duty, military service, and more); and finally, that the acts of citizenship move beyond political, legal and state jurisdictions, sometimes along urban, regional and international lines.5 Thus, the status of the citizen can no longer be limited to state membership, and the practice of citizenship can no longer be circumscribed within the borders of the nation-state. What the focus on acts of citizenship reveals is that our understanding of the concept of citizenship must be able to account for its malleable and dynamic foundations and character. Such an understanding allows for a new discussion of the manner in which citizenship, as an institution, status or practice, can act as a repressive and/or emancipatory force. The interaction among the agents, sites and acts of citizenship provides access to rights depending on the medium through which citizenship rights are determined. This can include some combination of birth, wealth, ethno-national identity, language, religious affiliation, and political or legal status among other traits, and serve to illuminate the mechanisms through which the rights of citizenship are (at least formally) allocated. Here, the rights accompanying citizenship determine the actors in the arena of citizenship, and the inclusive exclusive relations that emerge as a result of their exercise. As a result, different rights of 5 See, for example, Isin (2008). Here Sassen’s claim that “citizenship is partly produced by the practices of the excluded” is also relevant (2005, 84).