A/HRC/60/NGO/26 planning to reopen schools in areas under its control. However, Rohingya residents reported that there are no qualified teachers or adequate learning materials (9). Rohingya have faced intensifying abuses. The ULA/AA has confiscated numerous Rohingya-owned homes, shops, and prawn farming lands, while denying the owners’ property rights and in at least some cases making unsubstantiated allegations of links to Rohingya armed groups. Both the ULA/AA and the SAC have engaged in forced recruitment and labour of Rohingya civilians, while arbitrary arrests of Rohingya youth and men— accused of ties to armed groups—have become increasingly common (10). SAC and ULA/AA have imposed severe movement restrictions and drastically limited access to food, healthcare, and other essential services, threatening community livelihoods. Since the military coup in February 2021, SAC has systematically obstructed humanitarian aid across Myanmar—including in Rakhine State—as a form of collective punishment. Only a small number of UN agencies are currently allowed to operate, and even then under highly restrictive conditions (11). Human Rights Conditions Affecting Rohingya in Neighbouring Countries The persecution of Rohingya in Myanmar has led to large-scale displacement across the region, with the largest hosting countries being Bangladesh, Malaysia, India, Indonesia and Thailand. While these countries are not parties to the 1951 Refugee Convention and lack formal refugee protection frameworks, they are bound by principles of customary international law. However, Rohingya refugees remain in legal limbo and are deprived of basic human rights. Bangladesh hosts over 1.1 million Rohingya refugees, primarily within refugee camps in Cox’s Bazar (12). As one of the most cramped refugee camps in the world, Rohingya refugees face severe restrictions on mobility, access to health, social services and education. In recent years, Bangladeshi authorities have destroyed thousands of refugee-run shops, tightened surveillance through construction of fences, checkpoints and curfews, and banned Rohingya-led community schools. Since December 2020, approximately 35,000 Rohingya have been moved to Bhasan Char, described by a refugee child quoted by Human Rights Watch in 2021 as “an island jail in the middle of the sea” (13). The Government of Bangladesh has also attempted to advance repatriation plans to Myanmar despite the threats of persecution, raising serious concerns about potential violations of the principle of nonrefoulement (14). Role of the International Community The international community continues to have a critical role in upholding the right to a nationality and other human rights for Rohingya and other stateless communities in Myanmar. The co-submitting organisations therefore urge Human Rights Council members and observers to: I. Support Rohingya and other stateless communities through rights-based engagement without conferring legitimacy on any current actor asserting control of Myanmar. II. Initiate an emergency humanitarian aid platform for Rakhine State and denounce actions that deny humanitarian support and are used as a tool of persecution of Rohingya and other stateless communities in Myanmar based on ethnicity, religion or perceived political affiliation. III. Demand release of Rohingya who were arbitrarily arrested and detained. IV. Urge the Arakan Army to stop violations of human rights and humanitarian law against the Rohingya, including forced labour, forced displacement, coercive enrolment in military surveillance programs, extortion and arbitrary arrest, and call on both SAC and ULA/AA to stop forced recruitment on Rohingya and other stateless people in Rakhine State. 3