IN AFRICA MIGRATION FOR DEVELOPMENT II. The strategic framework for managing migration IN AFRICA zz Adopt appropriate sanctions for the offence of the smuggling of migrants, commensurate with the nature and gravity of the offence. zz Develop migrant smuggling policies in consultation with relevant stakeholders, including international organisations, as well as civil society actors. ii. Enhance Investigation and Prosecution of Migrant Smugglers: zz Build or strengthen the professional skills of relevant law-enforcement and criminal justice actors to detect, investigate, prosecute and adjudicate cases of migrant smuggling. zz Strengthen capacity to carry out financial investigations by creating financial intelligence units, building investigators’ skills, and establishing regional networks to intercept financial flows and trace the proceeds of crime in migrant smuggling cases. iii. Protect the rights of smuggled migrants zz Adopt appropriate measures, including legislation, if necessary, to protect smuggled migrants from violence, discrimination, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, as well as violation of their rights. zz Take appropriate measures to provide smuggled migrants with protection and assistance to guarantee their safety and well-being, including through the provision of physical security, access to food, shelter and medical care, access to consular services as well as legal advice. In particular, States should address the special needs of vulnerable categories of smuggled migrants, including pregnant women, women with children and unaccompanied minors. zz Make sure that smuggled children have access to primary education and, to the extent possible, to other educational levels, by facilitating their attendance to regular schools or by providing proper educational arrangements. zz Establish appropriate standards of conduct for officials who deal with migrant smuggling situations and implement standard operating procedures in providing assistance to migrants whose lives and safety are in danger. zz Provide smuggled migrants, who have been victims of other crimes, with effective access to justice and to legal assistance. zz Involve civil society in the response to migrant smuggling, in particular by enabling their contribution to protection and assistance measures, as well as in providing assistance to smuggled migrants. zz Establish national human rights institution/ombudsman or, where such an entity exists, expand its mandate to report on issues of migrant smuggling. 49